Analysis Paper: Zinsser’s Book on Writing Essay

How can I, as a writer, balance writing for myself and for my readers without sacrificing the other? That is the question I was struck with while reading Zinsser’s book On Writing Well, and one he presents.In his book, writers are encouraged to adopt a style that is fitting of themselves, yet capture and maintain the attention of readers. What if my style does not capture readers? What if what captures the attention of readers does not do the same for me as I write? Am I stuck wrestling between this paradox of uncertainty or is there a way out? Note to self: NOT writing is not an option. Luckily, Zinsser, who is a writer, editor and teacher, offers solutions in chapters four, five, and nine that I found very helpful and will serve as a guide in future writing assignments. He advises that I eliminate any unnecessary words and keep my language simple. This won’t take away from my style, but enhance it by removing the â€Å"excess or murkiness [that] has crept into [my] style† and obstructs the message I am trying to convey to readers. Style is something that every writer possesses and makes him/her equally unique. So, the first step in capturing my audience while writing for myself is to relax and be myself. Zinsser states: The reader will notice if you are putting on airs. Readers want the person who is talking to them to sound genuine. Therefore a fundamental rule is: be yourself (19). Before writing, I should relieve myself of any pressure to write in a way that feels unnatural, produce an awesome paper that will rock everyone’s socks off, or me et a certain page length. Just sit down, believe in my own identity and opinions, and write! Aside from being myself, the second step is to determine the audience of my paper. A writers’ audience will first and foremost be him/herself. Zinsser continues to reiterate this point of authenticity by saying, â€Å"Don’t try to visualize the great mass audience. There is no such audience – every reader is a different person†¦You are writing primarily to please yourself, and if you go about it with enjoyment you will also entertain the readers who are worth writing for (24).† Oftentimes, I forget about myself when writing in an effort to complete the assignment and give the teacher what I think he/she may be expecting from someone at my educational level. Those assignments have been the ones I least enjoyed writing and/or have been told was missing my voice. By writing in this manner, I have been performing a huge disservice to my audience by not giving them what they need: me. I apologize! Along with expressing my personality, I should not neglect my craft. There is no excuse, as Zinsser states, for sloppy workmanship. I should respect my audience enough to pay close attention to technical details and ensure that their reading process is one of clarity then artistry. Third and final, I should start and end all of my writing assignments with â€Å"freshness, or novelty, or paradox, or humor, or surprise, or with an unusual idea, or an interesting fact, or a question† that will capture my readers (55). Zinsser says that the most important sentence in any article is the first one. If the reader has not been attracted to my subject through that sentence then there are no chances the reader will want to read further. Along with creatively beginning and ending my writing assignment, the information I present must give the reader a sense of purpose while reading. Readers need to know why I have chosen my topic, why they should read it, and be given enough information that leaves them feeling well-informed. As I continue to hone my writing skills and further develop them in other students, I want to carry Zinsser’s central message of authenticity with me. Writing at its best is unique, informative, and â€Å"an intimate transaction between two people, conducted on paper, and it will go well to the extent that it retains its humanity† (20). I want to urge my students to never forget the most essential piece in their writings: themselves. If that is forgotten, then the â€Å"intimate transaction† that is needed between them and their audience will be distant and ineffective.

Intelligence Led-Policing Essay

The police institution has undergone major changes aimed at rebuilding its public. These changes date back to aggressive cops to the modern day police whose are guided by the rule of law (Ratcliffe, 2003, p 3). Introduced in the late 20th century, community policing focused on restoration of police legitimacy through community participation. It aimed at re-connecting the police institution to the public (Ratcliffe, 2003, p 4). Various researches indicate that it failed to provide measurable results. Consequently other models including problem oriented policing, Compstat and most recently, intelligence based policing (ILP) have emerged. Problem oriented policing involves use of statistical trends in identification of areas of interest. Compstat on the other hand focuses on empowerment of middle level officers to rapidly respond to crime. Basically it involves crime mapping, viewing and discussion. The most recent, ILP is an initiative at making the police smarter. It is founded on the use of criminal intelligence by the police in fighting crime (Ratcliffe, 2003, p 6). Emerging as a rare and unique initiative that attempts at understanding criminal environments and thus predict its occurrence and trends, the initiative is increasingly gaining popularity. Unlike the other models, ILP does not favor the popular reactive and investigate approaches in fighting crime but rather focuses on early identification hence prevention (Ratcliffe, 2003, p 6). It ensures that police actions are based on intelligence rather than intuition. ILP emerges as an alternative in organizational restructuring towards crime eradication. It is a result of changing crime faces and the transnational crime emergence alongside globalization, electronic financial transactions and internet in addition to police demand gap and failures of the existing policing models (Ratcliffe, 2003, p 6). The major similarity of this model to the previous models is the cause. Each aims to reduce crime marginal through either prevention or reactionary techniques. However, the approaches the take differ enormously. While the earlier models focused on either reacting to crime or cause identification, this model focuses on understanding the crime and the criminal mind as the basis for criminal fight.

The Lack of Will Makes Us Lazy

The Industrial Revolution was the beginning of a new era in human history. Thanks to this, many countries were able to experience economic growth at a rate never seen before. Unfortunately, it has brought an unforeseen consequence that today has been taken for granted. Because of lacking regulation laws during the aftermath of the Industrial Revolution, we now face the worst environmental crisis of all time. As a result, the planet is experiencing an increase in temperatures around the world. However, nothing is all lost, yet.With renewable energy, among other things, it’s possible to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, therefore reversing the damage we have done to the planet. For instance, there are wind farms. The wind is a renewable energy that is often overlooked. With new technology, it’s possible to harness the wind and convert it into a power source. The United Kingdom has managed to do this with success. In the southeast coast of England, the government was able t o build an off-shore wind farm with over 100 turbines, which harvests the power of the wind.The Thanet wind farm, as they named it, is capable of producing enough energy to power over 200,000 households in a year. If countries around the world had the will, they could replace non-renewable energy sources with wind farms. This is an excellent idea that could reduce carbon emissions by billions of tons each year. In addition, another renewable source that could help reduce emissions is solar energy. The planet receives more solar energy from the Sun in an hour than it consumes in a year.If every home owner had the will to install solar panels in the rooftops of their homes, not only would it lower their electric bill, but also, their emission levels would drop drastically. Similarly, China is planning to build something close, but in massive scale. The Chinese government struck a deal with First Solar Inc, an Arizona-based company, to build a solar field the size of Manhattan. If the deal goes through, the gigantic solar field will be able to power approximately 3 million Chinese homes. In the end, solar energy is another excellent renewable source with a lot more potential than we might think.Moreover, another way that we can reduce greenhouse gases is by encouraging public transportation. As we know, driving our daily commute can become a struggle. Sometimes, we pollute the environment with carbon dioxide without even moving our cars, stuck in traffic jams, wasting energy in the process. On the other hand, people who use mass transit when commuting save by not spending money on increasingly expensive gas, but more importantly, reduce their carbon emissions. Another plus for using mass transit systems is that you basically have an excuse to meet new people seating next to you.On the contrary, if you rather enjoy commuting alone while driving a car, a hybrid or an electric is a great alternative to regular combustion engine vehicles. Either way, there’s n o excuse for anyone to reduce their carbon emissions while commuting to work or school. In the end, the technology to reduce worldwide greenhouse gases is on our fingertips. The only thing that’s stopping us from doing the right thing and reducing emissions is will in our part. It’s human nature to act after the disaster strikes. Let’s not wait after coastal cities start flooding and act now so we can secure a better future for our descendants.

A&P Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A&P Discussion - Essay Example The five-liter per minute blood flow indicates how the fatty materials have built up along the arterial walls that the volumetric blood rate becomes this low. (2) Immunosuppressive Disorder, otherwise known as immunodeficiency disorder, pertains to any condition that impairs the ability of a human body to combat infections as such disorder suppresses a natural response of the immune system to an antigen. Besides being genetically transferred, it may be acquired in the form as AIDS and one may obtain the virus responsible for it through sexual intercourse or transfusion with a contaminated blood or needles. This sensitive condition would normally require isolation of an immunosuppressive person for becoming increasing prone to infections. Health care environment may put the person to a higher risk of exposure to factors that worsen his situation since there are several other ill patients who possess contagious disease that may readily spread in the open and bring about different types of infections at varying degree. (3) G.I.

Ethics Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ethics Paper - Essay Example If throwing one overboard saves me, then I would do so without hesitation. The act would not even bring into consideration whether the other three left with me on the boat are saved or not; as long as I am saved, the others can be in any condition possible. But such an egoistic attitude is often considered unethical in social interactions. If everyone acts for the sole benefit of oneself without any thought for one’s surroundings (or neighbours), then the social contract – as described by Thomas Hobbes – would break down and society would cease to exist. On the other extreme, a completely altruistic approach would make me act entirely for the good of others, even if it implies that I would be harmed in the process. Thus, if one of the five people on the boat needs to be thrown overboard, I would jump off myself to save the other four. However, both the approaches above are not logically based on cogent grounds, and therefore, it is suggested that the situation is analysed not through these two extremes, but through other justified ethical theories. The utilitarian theory, founded by Bentham and taken further by Mill, claims that an ethical act is one that maximises society’s happiness as a whole. It is analogous to a communist philosophy where individual elements and motives are disregarded for overall social benefit. Going by this theory alone, the act of throwing one person overboard to save the other four is ethically justified.

Business accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business accounting - Essay Example Financial ratio analysis enables decision makers to uncover trends in business performance and compare different business organizations (Keown, et. al 2005). It should be noted that these ratios are classified according to the aspects that they measure including profitability, liquidity, efficiency, solvency, and investor ratios. Considering that the business organization under consideration is considered small and medium business organization, this report will focus only on profitability, liquidity, and efficiency. In terms of liquidity, the current ratio and the acid-test ratio will be utilized. At first look, the Northern Branch displays a slightly higher level of liquidity with its current ratio of 1.060. Should all of its current liabilities become due immediately, The Southern Branch will only be able to pay off 99.6% with its current assets. However, the acid test ratio shows that most of the Northern Branch's most current assets are tied up in inventories. In fact, when inventory is deducted from the current assets, it will only yield an acid-test ratio of 0.34. On the other hand, the Southern Branch has much more liquid assets indicated by its acid test ratio of 0.54. In terms of efficiency, the following ratios will be considered: debtor's turnover; debtor days; creditor's turnover; creditor days; and stock turnovers which will be divided according to the main inventories namely, food and beverages. The Northern Branch has a lower debtor's turnover leading to higher debtor days which indicates the collection period of account receivables. During the fiscal year, the branch reports debtor's turnover of 9.30 and debtor days of 39.21. On the other hand, the Southern Branch appears to be more efficient in collecting its receivables with its debtor's turnover of 12.13 and debtor days of 30.08 days. It is also apparent that the Southern Branch is relatively better in servicing its short term creditors as indicated by its higher creditor turnover and lower creditor days. The branch's creditor's turnover reported is 6.09, far better than Northern Branch's 1.74. This is translated to creditor days of 59.85 (Southern Branch) which is very much faster than Northern Branch's payment period of 208.63 days. In terms of inventory management, the Northern Branch still lags behind the Southern Branch both in food and beverages. The Southern Branch's stock of food turns at an average of 17.24 annually and stays in the company's warehouse in a period of 21.17 days. On the other hand, the Northern Branch's turnover averages 5.66 times a year while stock days is 64.39. The same is true with beverages. While the Southern Branch has a turnover of 3.05 and stock days of 119.54, the Northern Branch is not able to sell its beverage stocks for the fiscal year. It stays in the company's warehouse for more than a year (593.39 days) before it is finally sold. To measure profitability, this report will look at the return of capital employed (ROCE), gross profits, and net profit. The Southern Branch reports higher ratios in all these categories. The branch has an ROCE 0.36 compared to the Northern Branch's 0.26. In terms of profit margins, the Southern Bra

The Whole Truth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Whole Truth - Essay Example The DA argued for retribution for the murder and the excessive harm and attempted murder on his client which was premeditated (Pohlman, 1999). The defense attorney Michael George was a young and seemingly inexperienced defense attorney even though he was aggressive and smart. George was brought up with serious values and he was afraid of failing. He therefore accepted the case and even though he knew the DA was going for a death penalty, he was afraid he would fail his client despite the crimes he had committed. He was afraid it would look bad on his career to fail this case and hence he decided to fight the defense not for the client but for his career. George argued about his client being provoked (Pohlman, 1999). The psychological examination carried out on the defendant indicated that Carr had a problem with lesbians because he suspected his mother was a lesbian and hence has an aversion towards the lesbians. I do not agree with this examination because it was an indication of hate towards his mother being projected towards innocent victims who has constitutional right to exercise their sexual preference. Carr had not shown any friendship with the two women from the moment he met the victim whom he killed. He had followed them from the initial place they shifted from and was carrying a rifle. This was even before he found them engaging in their sexual activity and hence the fact that they were lesbians does not hold much defense for his case. He was simply looking for a secluded place and convenient time as well as an excuse to kill them and the location of the shooting which was secluded was a clear indication of that (Pohlman, 1999). Discuss the criminal justice process as experienced by Stephen Carr and Claudia Brenner (e.g., beginning with the preliminary hearing through the trial verdict). Provide examples from the book when discussing the courtroom process.

Private Security Companies of Hostile Countries Coursework

Private Security Companies of Hostile Countries - Coursework Example Though overall security responsibility of people is taken up by occupying forces, the militants target the private and government organisations that help in development of infrastructure and organisations that help in economic development. Thus they try to distort the development activities that help in rebuilding the country. The important objectives of the expatriate security companies are to offer training for local police and to give security for private and governmental organisations as the police and military forces in Iraq are not in adequate number to protect them. Even the international organisations like UN offices that are helping in rebuilding of Iraq, voluntary organisations and MNC companies need security from the militants. To meet the above-mentioned requirements, the expatriate security companies have to train local police and maintain security personnel for the protection of private as well as government and international facilities. The important issue is about rec ruiting personnel that can provide security to the organisations, who are clients of the security companies. The recruitment will be of two types. Recruiting expatriates (westerners) and recruiting local people. However, both the above options have their own drawbacks. The recruitment of westerners costs more for the company but assures efficient services. In the contrast, the recruitment of the locals may result in less expenditure for the company regarding salaries but may not result in adequate security as the locals are more prone to the relations with militants as well as they are more familiar with the surroundings. Consequently, the recruitment of locals in to the security companies in countries like Iraq and their reliability in security operations is the point of discussion in this paper. Hence, the recruitment of expatriates comes to the fore when the security companies find that there are no sufficient locals fit for the security operations. Research Hypothesis: Do expatriates can fill the security vacuum in countries like Iraq by recruiting local personnel Do the training given by the companies to local police is enough in providing the much needed security to people, organisations and the companies in countries like Iraq Methodology The information necessary for the assignment

Recyclable Drinking Water Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Recyclable Drinking Water - Essay Example The city chosen for this purpose is Bangkok considering the current flood scenario that has affected the lives of locals and tourists. The shortage of drinking water has jeopardised the physical and mental state along with the health of people. Bangkok is the capital and largest city of Thailand known as a tourist destination across the globe. The influx of tourists from different parts of the world has strengthened the economy of the country boasting on impeccable infrastructure and hospitality that is good enough to allure people across the globe. Bangkok has 50 districts and each district is managed by the district chief appointed by the governor. There is also an elected government body; Bangkok Metropolitan Council that managed municipal ordinances and city’s budget pertaining to infrastructure and other activities. The government of Bangkok of is known as Bangkok Metropolitan Administration that manages the city and its resources in an effective and efficient manner. The re are a number of national and international retailers present in Bangkok with the likes of Tesco, Family Mart and Big C dominating the market. The economic activities are majorly restricted to agriculture and tourism. In Bangkok, Metropolitan Waterworks Authority offers tap water that is used for the purpose of drinking and other activities. Many households have water purifying machines that further purifies water through different mechanisms and processes. At the same time, a number of packaged drinking water bottles are available that can be bought to ensure good quality of drinking water. However, there is no organisation developing or promoting recycled water for the drinking purpose. This marketing plan would ensure successful introduction of the product in the markets of Bangkok... The paper tells about integrated marketing communication as one of the highly preferred marketing tools within the competitive business environment. It can be defined as the coordination and amalgamation of marketing communication tools and functions into a program or function that helps in impacting customers along with enhancing the feasibility and acceptance of the product. However, the common perception states that recycle water is not safe for drinking and can be used in irrigation, industrial usage and flushing toilets. Bangkok has been severely affected by floods creating shortages for safe drinking water. It needs to be mentioned that common people in the city are facing serious water crisis with tap water pouring contaminated and dirty water. On the other hand, packaged drinking bottles are quite limited in the market and the city does not have a marketer offering recycled drinking water. It can be assumed that development of recycled drinking water would help in offering a useful product to the masses using an integrated marketing communication approach. This would also help in assessing the present use of recycled water and its importance and acceptance in the business and social environment. Thus, the marketing plan has a great scope that requires effective planning and implementation. The city of Bangkok has been developing wastewater treatment system from a long period of time and efforts have yielded good benefits in last few years. There are a number of sewerage zones that have helped in improving the overall water shortages in the short as well as in the long run.

Latino film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Latino film - Essay Example In later scenes, to cope with the hardships and growing hostility from her husband, she ends up throwing her husband out of her home. Even after this rough and hard decision, she still had to manage her life with the growing wave of revolution around her. The movie revolves around the typical life of a Cuban woman who had to deal with all the hardships and struggle despite being the fragile part of the society without any support from her husband and family. Many people underestimate the power of women during the times of war and revolution. During the wave of feminist movement in 1960 women played their roles as efficient workers and home makers at the same time. On the other hand, comparing the movie with another Hollywood’s revolutionary film, Salt of the Earth, triggered the critics to look into a different direction for its content and subject. The latter movie holds the same revolutionary wave with women in the leading roles as it has been depicted in Portrait of Teresa. The character of Esperanza was supported by showcasing the rapidly growing women’s movement. The character of Esperanza is shown coping with the troubles of unionism, leftists and at the same time, the emerging wave of feminism. In both the movies a strong wave of feminism can be felt. However, in the Portrait of Teresa, the movie revolved around the struggles of one woman whereas in Salt of the Earth, the subject of the movie projects the struggle of Esperanza with her sisters. But their struggle for sexual equality is the central idea that has been projected in both the movies. Women have been portrayed as the strongest gender as compared to men despite social barriers and minimum exposure to the world outside. Both the characters had to bear the same strenuous household responsibilities and later with their keen participation in the movement, they had to bear the disapproval of their involvement in the movement from their husbands. The theme of both the movies revolves ar ound one thought - how to survive the struggle for your rights in a subjugated society filled with gender discrimination and bias. Both of the women are tied to fulfill their gender roles assigned to them by their societal traditions with little room to be accepted as anything other than a typical homemaker. Teresa’s resentment over inequality and growing anger over her husband’s ill treatment clearly project the time when women were gaining empowerment and awareness of the unfair living conditions and treatment. Similarly, in Salt of the Earth, Esperanza holds the same state of mind, when she was greatly undermined by her husband’s judgmental statement and strikes back in a bitter tone, â€Å"Have your strike. I’ll have my baby, but no hospital will take me, because I’ll be a striker’s wife. The store will cut off our credit, and the kids will go hungry . . . and then they’ll come and take away the radio† (Salt of the Earth, p .10). Even at this point, her husband scorns her while chastising for fear of losing the radio and being more self-concerned. Women are emotionally vulnerable but deep down inside they tend to project the stronger side of their personality, especially in times of stress. All in all, the movie Portrait of Teresa is a poignant movie which depicts the contradictions which exist in the male dominated Cuban society, no matter how much the Cuban Revolution and its ideals have attempted to bring women to the

Whittier Narrows Nature Center Field Project Essay

Whittier Narrows Nature Center Field Project - Essay Example The Nature Center is open from 8am-5pm Tuesday – Sunday. It is also free to enter the nature center. It surprised me a lot because most of the nature parks in China usually have to pay for the ticket. The latitude of the park is 34Â ° 2 3" N and longitude is 118Â ° 2 43" W. The San Gabriel River and Rio Hondo flow through Whittier Narrows only a mile apart. There are a lot of activities you can do at Whittier Narrows Nature Center, such as hikes, walks, bicycle riding,guide-led natural tour, nature day camps and a bird walk. There is also a wheelchair accessible trail available as well. When I first arrived to the park, I walked around a circle from entrance A to F. There were a lot of interesting things to see. The landscape of the Whittier Narrows is flat, dry and monotonous. The center is also bordering the San Gabriel River, this 400 acre preserve of riparian woodland features 4 lakes. If you visit there during summer, many plants and animals can be found in a wetland community. The two rivers San Gabriel and Rio Hondo River flows through the area and they are only a mile apart from one another (David and Guyette 79). San Gabriel River drains the second largest water in Los Angeles while Rio Hondo is a stream that only flows during the rainy season. The floor of the area is filled with the silt, sand, and gravel that are transported from the rest of the watershed north of the gap. When I visited the area, the temperatures of the day was around 86Â °F, the sky was cloudless, humidity was 7 percent, wind speed was 5 mph and it was flowing towards the northern direction. Over the course of the season, the temperatures varies from 48Â °F to 80Â °F, in few occasions it goes below 42Â °F and above 85Â °F, during that day, the temperatures were above the normal temperatures (David and Guyette 79). The climate of Los Angeles is moderate; it is similar to Mediterranean climate, the rainfall changes depending on the season, the summers are

Groundwork Preparation for Wet Mounts Essay Example for Free

Groundwork Preparation for Wet Mounts Essay Through processes know as wet mounts and simple stains, observing living microorganisms through a compound microscope can generate a clearer understanding of their appearances and movements. Microorganisms are living things that for the most part cannot be seen through the naked eye. They live on and among humans, as well as plants, animals, and all that is a part of the Earth. Harmless as most seem to be to humans, microorganisms are an important relevance of study for human interest in varied perplexities and can dictate a human lifes progress or deterioration; thus the significance to humans is vital (Talaro 6). The discovery of the microscope introduced a new branch of science called microbiology. The microscope, a major instrument in this realm of study makes it possible to observe, acknowledge, and clarify implications of meaning to the study of organisms. In preparing for two basic observations, a wet mount and a simple stain, living microorganisms can be seen clearer through a simple stain and by using a drop of water, movements of microorganisms are varied. A smear is when a spreading of bacteria is made on a slide for viewing. A simple stain is when a method of observation of a living organism is smeared on a slide with one stain during a procedure. A wet mount is where a research method of an organism or organisms is placed on a slide with fluid. The microorganisms can then move freely. On the laboratory research completed January 30, 2006 using a wet mount example and a simple stain instruction the following items were used to obtain the visibility of microorganisms moving through slides using two kinds of avenues. The first was a wet mount. The following items and instructions were used to obtain optimum examination of organisms: 1.) Add one drop dH20 on center of slide. 2.) Dip wireloop in pond water. 3.) Smear wireloop sample on slide. 4.) Place cover slip over smear. 5.) Observe slide under 4x, 10x, and 40x. Results At 40x: The bacteria is an algae type of species. One reason would be is to differentiate between true mobility of an organism and a Brownian movement which is considered a movement caused of the moles  while the liquid is thumping an entity or causing the entity to tremble or recoil. When this slide was viewed on a 4x and 10x under microscope small bacteria could be seen as several dots but at 40x, those dots became one huge light brown bacterium that had still several smaller bacteria inside of it. The objective for the wet mount examination and the simple stain slide observation is to determine size, shape, arrangement, and mobility of cells. The reasoning the two materials are to determine what happens when dye instead of water is used in determining the size and shape of bacteria (Granato 4). The usage of oil immersion magnifies this process. The example of the pond water for the wet mount sample lets the examinee see bacterium that has lived in H20 for a certain amount of time whereas the SA plate is in a gel-like substance. The methods applied for a simple stain using an SA plate to examine the bacteria in it were the following: 1.) drop of dh20, 2.) Take sample from SA plate 3.) Heat fixate. Cool slide afterwards, 4.) Add one drop of Methxylene Blue for 30 seconds, 5. Wash smear gently w/dH20 from the slide, 6.) Remove excess water, and 7.) Observe under 4x, 10x, 40x, and then 100x with oil immersion. Results at 100x: Under oil immersion the specimens are easily seen as varied and elongated. The extension from one to another is quite extensive. Although while viewing the specimen during the simple staining process, I wasnt sure what type of bacteria it was. The fact Methxylene Blue was added instead of just H20 and of course adding the oil because it was magnified at 100x, the specimen were numerous in size and shape. The pond water algae seemed lifeless and didnt move either by themselves nor because water had hit them. The implication and significance of these two processes of examination are vital to experience a step forward in the world of studying microorganisms. What was viewed during these examination places an actual visual understanding about life not seen by the naked eye. The experience unknown to me demonstrates a passage which will now emphasize a greater  understanding of the world of microbes. Works Cited Granato, Paul A., Helen Eckel Mizer, and Josefine A. Morello. Laboratory ManualAnd Workbook in Microbiology: Applications to Patient Care. New York:McGraw Publishing. 2006. 5th Edition. Talaro, Kathleen Park. Foundations in Microbiology: Basic Principles. New York:McGraw Publishing. 2005. 5th Edition.

Importance of Product and Service Design

Importance of Product and Service Design Design is the craft of visualising concrete solutions that serve human needs and goals within certain constraints. (Goodwin, Kim. 2009). Human engineering combined with product and business knowledge to generate ideas and concepts and convert them into physical and usable objects or services is called as product or service design. A designer should be creative and have analytical ability to create a user friendly, efficient and good looking product or service. The product must be good in design, value function and appearance. (Importance of product design, www.cirinodesign.com) Earning profit through satisfaction of the customers is the main target of the organisation. This is only possible if the product or service is designed well. Good design communicates the purpose of the product or service to its market and helps business to earn profit. We can say that the main objective of a good design is to satisfy customers by meeting their actual or anticipated needs and expectations. A good design of the product or service is only successful when it is delivered on time and cost is reasonable. Design helps business connect strongly with their customers by anticipating their real needs. As a result it enhances profitability to the business. (Slack, N. et al. 2010) When Issigonis designed the Morris Minor, he was unaware of its vulnerability and the design was not fully successful. It was a heavy vehicle for its overall size, slow and poor at cornering. The Mini, by contrast was capable of very fast cornering and low weight. John Cooper, fitted large engines in the Mini and created the Mini Cooper and Cooper S which, driven by Paddy Hopkirk among others, were hugely successful in rally sport. The model went on to win a total of 153 rallies in (1962) that year alone. This example shows the importance of the product or service design. (Mini Cooper S rally success, www.suite101.com) 3.1 Stages of Product or Service Design As we can see that there are five stages of product or service design in figure 3.1 below. The designers should pass through those sequences of stages to get a final design of a product or service. But in practice, designers may sometime recycle or backtrack through the stages. Figure 3.1 The stages of product or service design (Slack, N. et al., 2010) First comes concept generation stage, which is the main root of the whole process. It is the development stage of the concept which is later screened to try to ensure whether it is feasible, acceptable and its vulnerability. Then concept is turned to preliminary design and goes through evaluation and improvement to see if the concept can be served better cheaply and easily. Then the concept is subject to prototyping and final design. Concept Generation: Generally, in some organisation concept is generated form the research and development (RD) department. As its name states, research develop new knowledge and idea to grasp any opportunity or to solve any problem. And development is the attempt to try to utilize and operationalise the idea that come form research. Ideas for new product or service concept can come form customers, competitors and staffs as well. Regular customer who gives feedback and complains gives us an idea about how to improve the product and service. Staff who meet the customers day to day knows what their customers want which may be helpful to generate new idea. Concept Screening: The main purpose of this stage is to take the flow of concepts and evaluate them because not every concept generated will necessarily be capable of further development into product and services. Best design is chosen among the several designs by evaluation of their value. From large number of design concepts only one design is selected form the evaluation screens. We have to think in terms of the following design criteria: Feasibility: the ability of an operation to produce a process, product or service. Acceptability: the attractiveness to the operation of a process, product or service. Vulnerability: the risk taken by the operation in adopting a process, product or service. Preliminary Design: This is a stage after generating an acceptable, feasible and viable product or service concept, where first attempt of specifying the component products and services in the package and defining the process to create the package is done. Specify the components of the package Exactly what will go into the product or service will be defined in this stage. The order in which the component parts of the package have to be put together should be known earlier. Information of the constituent component parts of the product should be collected and the bill of materials (BOM), which is the quantities of each component part required to make the package should also prepared. For example, rifle shooting in adventure holiday, activities can be broken down into level one shooting practice and level two target shooting. Also the components for the rifle shooting (like a 22 air rifle, some shot, a back board, a target holder and card targets) are defined and bill of materials includes the quantity of those components. (Pycraft, M. 2000) Reducing design complexity When an organisation produces variety of goods and services with several ranges on those goods and services as a whole, it becomes complex and may increase costs. Designers as well as the producers want simplicity in their product and services. Designers adopt several approaches to reduce complexity in the design of the product and service. The three common approaches for the complexity reduction are: Standardisation: This is all about variety reduction of the product or services. For example, garment manufactures produce cloths in only a limited numbers of sizes. Commonality: This helps simplifying design complexity by using common elements within a product or service. Modularisation: Designing standardised sub-components of a product or service which can be assembled in different ways is the main principle of modular design. For example, a package holiday industry can assemble holidays to meet a specific customer requirement. (Slack, N. et al., 2010) Define the process to create the package The bill of materials and the product or service structure specify what has to be put together and this stage is to specify how the process will put together the various components to create the final product or service. We show the flow of materials or people through the operation and identify the different activities that take place during the process. Simple flow charts, routing sheets and process flow charts help us examine the process before any product or service design is finalised. (Pycraft, M. 2000) Design evaluation and improvement: In this stage preliminary design can be improved before the product or service is tested in the market. In other words, it involves re-examining the design to see if it can be done in a better way, more cheaply or more easily. Typical techniques that can be used in this stage to evaluate and improve the preliminary design are: Quality function deployment (ensures that the eventual design of a product or service actually meets the needs of its customers) Value engineering (try reducing costs, and prevent any unnecessary costs, before producing the product or service) Taguchi methods (tests the robustness of a design i.e. it assumes that the product and service should still perform in extreme conditions.) Prototyping and final design: This stage involves providing the final details which allow the product and service to be produced. It is risky to go to full production of the product or service before testing it out. So it is appropriate to turn the improved design into a prototype so that it can be tested. Many retailing organisations pilot new products or services in a small number of stores in order to test customers reaction to them. A fully developed design for the package of products and services are then finalised and delivered them to customers. (Pycraft, M. 2000) 4.0 Basic Layout Types The layout of an operation or process means, how its transformed resources (raw materials and components that can be transformed into end products) are positioned relative to each other and how its various tasks are allocated to these transforming resources (building, machinery and people). (Slack, N. et al. 2010) According to Slack 2010, most practical layouts are derived from only four basic layout types. They are: Fixed-position layout In fixed-position layout, transformed resources do not move between the transforming resources. In this layout the product or recipient of the service is too large to be moved conveniently, it might be too delicate to move. The main product being produced is fixed at a particular location. Resources, such as equipment, labour and material are brought to that fixed location. For example, building a ship the product is too large to move. Figure 4.1 Fixed-position layout (www.transtutors.com) Functional layout Functional layout can also be called as process layout. In this layout types similar operations or machines are located as per their functions or processes. This is because it is convenient to group them together, or that the utilisation of transforming resources is improved. For example, all lathes are kept in one location and drilling and milling work are done in other location. Greater flexibility and scope of expansion exist in this layout. Figure 4.2 Functional layout (www.transtutors.com) Cell layout Cellular layout can also be called as group layout because in this layout machines are grouped according to the process requirements for a set of similar items (part families) that require similar processing. Processes are grouped into cell using a technique known as group technology (GT). Group technology involves identifying parts with similar design characteristics (shape, size and function) and similar process characteristics. This type of layout is an attempt to reduce the complexity of process layouts. (Layout, www.referenceforbusiness.com) Figure 4.3 Group technology or cellular layout (www.transtutors.com) For example, in the figure 4.3 lathe, mining and drilling work is done in cell 1 and 3 and lathe, mining, grinding and assembly is done in cell 2. This shows parts, which are similar in design or manufacturing operations are grouped into one cell or one family. Product layout Product layout can also be called as line layout. In this layout, machine and operating facilities are located as per the sequence of operation on parts. In other words, transforming resources located as per the convenience of the transformed resources. The transformed resources flow as in a line through the process. This type of layout is preferred when production volume is high, demand is stable, part variety is less and the production is continuous. Figure 4.4 Product layout (www.transtutors.com) For example, in the figure 4.4 product A require same sequence of process i.e. lathe, mining, lathe, drilling and grinding. These are the basic layout types used in any operations management. Some operations can also design hybrid layouts which combine elements of some or all of the basic layout types in different parts of the operation. This type of layout called as mixed layouts.

Event planning business plan

Event planning business plan Company Summary Occasions will be a small business designed to meet the needs of the ever changing social world. Jalandhar, Punjab is the current home with plans to expand to branch offices within four years. Occasions staffs of four, with numerous contract vendors, plans events, write event-planning products, and trains area students in the art of event planning. Occasions will be invested in the community it resides in. Occasions are, in part, the answer to demands of the social world, on the working family, heavily-burdened office, out-of-town business, or special occasion in need of special recognition. As a business, we understand the needs of public and private organizations. As parents and family members, we understand the needs of setting special time apart from other events in our lives. Occasions strives to accomplish these goals, in Jalandhar and eventually other areas of Punjab. Company Ownership Occasions is established as a sole proprietorship with the intention of selling the business when it is established to one of the employees invested in the vision of event planning. All aspects of the business will be documented to ensure clients can count on the same results every time. It is these documents that will become the basis of ownership. The sole proprietor will use his or her name as the guarantor of each service. Therefore, the sole proprietor must embody the vision and mission of Occasions. Company Locations and Facilities Occasions will be located inside the city limits of Jalandhar, Punjab. It will be a home-based business. Most meetings with clients will be conducted in social settings, such as restaurants, coffee houses, the clients home, facilities wishing to be used for the event, or over the phone. Although the demand has not yet reached its peak, Occasions will eventually move from its home base into a small office complex, also within the city limits of Jalandhar, Punjab. When the company has reached its finished point, Occasions will have branch offices in Amritsar, and Ludhiana also. The company will maintain a high degree of professionalism. All offices will be equipped with the latest in business technology, such as telephone systems, computers, fax machines, email, duplicators, printers, and software. Each location will have a secure storage area for supplies and equipment used in events, such as walkie-talkies, cellular phones, portable fax machines, and laptops. MARKETING PLAN Situation Analysis: Occasions is entering their first year of business. Marketing will be critical to develop sufficient business to achieve profitability. The company offers high quality event planning for family functions. The basic market need is for a competent service provider offering high quality event planning at a price that is cost effective relative to a company trying to plan the events themselves. Market Summary: Occasions possesses good information regarding its typical customer. This includes customer needs, the general circumstances from which the needs arise, and the difficulties the customer would face if they tried to satisfy these needs themselves. This information will be leveraged to better understand who is served, individual customers specific needs, better communication channels, and how Occasions can satisfy those needs. Market Demographics: The profile for Occasions typical customer consists of the following geographic, demographic, and behaviour factors: Geographic: Ã ¼ The immediate geographic target is the city of Jalandar. Ã ¼ The entire area is in need of event planning services. Ã ¼ The total targeted population is middle class and upper middle class families, couples and individuals. Demographics: Ã ¼ Nuclear as well as Joint Families. Ã ¼ Typically the company has one main office; however some of the customers will have offices diffused into several locations. Ã ¼ For corporate event plannings, 95% of the customers will be manufacturers and designers. Behaviour Factors: Ã ¼ The potential customers are trying to decrease their workload by outsourcing activities that are not imperative to the day-to-day busy schedule. Ã ¼ Such families like to get the events planned from some professionals because of the lack of knowledge about the market like availability of caterers, etc. Market Needs: Occasions is providing its customers with a high quality event planning services. Occasions seeks to fulfil the following benefits that are important to their customers: Ã ¼ Competitive pricing the pricing scheme must be competitive to offer an incentive for the customer to outsource these services. Ã ¼ Customer service the customer must get the sense that all of their needs are being met, regardless how small or inconsequential it may seem. SWOT Analysis: The following SWOT analysis captures the key strengths and weaknesses within the company, and describes the opportunities and threats. Strengths: Ã ¼ Superior, specialized service offerings. Ã ¼ Well-trained, enthusiastic employees. Ã ¼ Strong relationships with complementary service providers. Weaknesses: Ã ¼ The concentration of a small niche of the market that will limit the potential size of the market. Ã ¼ The difficulty of generating awareness and visibility of the company in its first few years of operation. Ã ¼ The inability to rapidly scale to meet large, unexpected increases in demand. Opportunities: Ã ¼ Growing markets of families that outsource event planning activities. Ã ¼ Being a rare service provider concentrating on this specific niche. Ã ¼ Relatively low overhead. Threats: Ã ¼ A slump in the economy that could have a ripple effect on service providers. Ã ¼ Future competition from existing service providers competing in different but complimentary market spaces. Ã ¼ The inability to find qualified, high quality employees. COMPETITORS: The competitors of our business in Jalandhar are: Ø Pho Com Net Pvt. Ltd: This Company is basically based in Kolkata and provides event planning activities in Jalandhar as well. The company is only popular among the upper class families because of high costs that it charges and does not target the segments of middle class families. Ø Deep Wedding Planner And Event Management Com: This company basically deals in wedding planning found in Jalandhar. Ø Shamsheer Communications Pvt. Ltd: This Company is an event management company and it deals in media consultants services. Ø Canvas: This Company is an event planning as well as magazine advertising agency. Marketing Strategy: OCCASIONS will offer a superior service at a lower cost due to specialization. By concentrating on a few specific services, OCCASIONS will become proficient at these services and perform the services better than someone without the same level of expertise. OCCASIONS will increase company visibility through a website, networking, and participation in trade shows. The website will be quite detailed and provide a visitor in-depth information about the services OCCASIONS offers, the corresponding high level of quality, and the cost savings that can be achieved by using OCCASIONS. Marketing Objectives: Ã ¼ Increase repeat customers by 10% per quarter. Ã ¼ Decrease customer acquisition costs by 8% per year. Ã ¼ Generate increased awareness of services offered, quantified by a 2% quarterly increase of unsolicited service requests. Financial Objectives: Ã ¼ Profitability by year three. Ã ¼ Maintain steady, monthly growth. The following sections describe the market segmentation, strategies, and industry analysis. Market Segmentation: The breakdown of the market for event planning falls in a wide, very diverse grouping. Individuals as well as organizations demand the services we provide. In order to provide the greatest depth of information, the market segments have been broken down into private and public organizations, and age groups. Private Organizations and Businesses: Private organizations make up the single largest portion of Occasions client base. Private organizations such as businesses, corporations, and political parties host the most events on the largest scales; therefore, these events generate larger revenues per event. The majority of larger scale holiday functions will fall under this segment. Public Organizations: Government agencies host many events every year. Occasions hopes to alleviate the pressure of event planning for public employees. The second single largest segment, the public sector, can save money and give back to its community at the same time. These events are moderate in scale with middle to low revenues generated. Emphasis is placed on the visibility of the event for public viewing. The majority of organizational family functions will fall under this segment. Age Breakdowns: Under 24: Persons under the age of twenty-four (24) using an event planner are rare at best. We hope to tap the early college graduates who have begun their professional careers but have not yet started their families. These events will focus mainly on themes with moderate to high energy appeal. The revenues generated will range from moderate to high, depending on the event. The majority of weddings will fall into this segment. Ages 25-55: The persons that fall into this age group are employed, middle to upper-middle class families. The reason they choose event planners is they are too busy to do it themselves. Therefore, Occasions will be on hand for questions, contact will be moderate in length but occur regularly so as not to disturb the daily life of the families. These events will generate moderate revenues, with a few generating low revenues. The majority of special occasion planning will occur in this market segment. Ages 56 and above: Persons over the age of 55 have reached the turning point of life. Many are retiring, others are celebrating anniversaries of significant years, and still others are seeing that their childrens special events are taken care of. These events will generate moderate to high revenues depending upon the income level of the family (direct correlation to social status). Most holiday parties, and other special occasions, such as wedding receptions and reunions, will occur in this market segment. Target Market Segment Strategy: Our target markets are middle to upper-middle class families, couples, individuals, or private and public organizations. We chose these groups because they are most able to afford event planners, and have the least amount of time to spare for event planning in general. Families demand attention, employees are overburdened, and overwhelming detail needed to plan large events are too large a constraint to place on people not trained in the area of event planning. The fast pace of the world we live in leaves little time for extra things we would like to do, like plan events, parties, and social get-togethers. Occasions fills the need by being available to take on the burden of planning so that people can spend time on more important things, like family and friends. The demand for this service can only increase considering the rise in incomes, population, and need for interpersonal relations in the workplace. Marketing Mix: OCCCASIONS marketing mix is comprised of the following approaches to pricing, distribution, advertising and promotion, and customer service. Ã ¼ Pricing the pricing scheme will be based on a per project estimate tailored to each customer. Ã ¼ Distribution Occasions services can be performed throughout the Jalandhar regional area, determined by the needs of the customer. Ã ¼ Advertising and Promotion several forms of advertising and promotion will be used including a website, and participation at various tradeshows. Ã ¼ Customer Service the Company goes about the day-to-day operations with the belief that 100% customer satisfaction is required in order to make the business a success. All levels of the organization will be taught this and practice it. Sales Forecast: OCCASIONS will, for the most part, be using the sale strategy of personal selling. The members of the company will be building additional relationships with their network of friends generated through social groups and trade shows. The cost savings can be quantified and shown to the customer while the higher level of service can be guaranteed as well as communicated through testimonials from satisfied clients. The website will be utilized as a powerful communications tool, supplying introductory information to prospective customers, providing an avenue for questions and answers, as well as presenting more specialized information such as cost estimates and event proposals. The first month will be spent setting up the office. It is unlikely that there will be any sales activity within the first two months. During the first and second month, the company will be developing some systems to provide a template for future event planning. Once this is set up Occasions will be able to process customer service requests rather easily. The third month will see some sales activity trickle. It will not be until the fifth month that things will really kick in. During months six through 12 sales will steadily increase, and this increase should continue well into year two. Sales Strategy: Occasions will deal with a diverse market of clients. Within each market segment, closing of sales will differ. Each approach is described as follows: Private and Public Organizations: Sales will be concluded one to two days after the end of the event. A follow-up phone call will be placed informing the client of the total cost, number of attendees, and information about the billing packet that will arrive at their offices. Feedback forms will be included in these packets to ensure the client is being served as they deem appropriate. Form letter thank-you will be sent following each event. Individuals: Sales will be concluded with a follow-up phone call one to two days after the event. The phone call will explain the total cost of the event, number of attendees, and information concerning the billing. Individual parties of any age group are placed on a billing cycle. Invoices will be sent out the 25th of the month and will be due the 10th of the following month. Feedback forms will be included in these packets to ensure the client is being served as they deem appropriate. Thank-you cards will follow each individual event. Products and Services: Although Occasions is primarily a service business, we also offer products to aid our customers in planning the event themselves. The following products are tools used inside our operation for the best possible results: Party Pack: The Party Pack is a complete kit for any party. It includes decorations, lighting effects guide, disposable theme cameras, cutlery, plates, napkins, cups, punch mix (or recipe), snack supplies (or recipe), tablecloths, theme music (where applicable), invitations, thank-you cards, and a step-by-step guide to planning, putting together, and hosting the event. Step-by-Step Guides: These booklets include a calendar to map out the event, a step-by-step guide on what is needed for and how to put together a successful, worry-free event, resource information, popular refreshments with recipes, games, and tips to put their event in the record books. The events available include birthdays for all ages, meetings, retreats, parties, vacations, and special occasion celebrations such as graduations, holidays, showers, weddings, and receptions. Resources Manual: This valuable guide acts as a review for all the resources located in the surrounding area. A ranking is given to the various services, such as caterers, decorators, disc jockeys, bands, and facilities. This manual gives the client the freedom of making a choice based on experience. OPERATIONAL PLAN Company Locations and Facilities Occasions will be located inside the city limits of Jalandhar, Punjab. It will be a home-based business. Most meetings with clients will be conducted in social settings, such as restaurants, coffee houses, the clients home, facilities wishing to be used for the event, or over the phone. Occasions will eventually move from its home base into a small office complex, also within the city limits of Jalandhar, Punjab. When the company will have reached its finished point, Occasions will have branch offices in Jalandhar, Ludhiana, and Amritsar, and then the operations will be extended to other states in the country as well. The company will maintain a high degree of professionalism. All offices will be equipped with the latest in business technology, such as telephone systems, computers, fax machines, email, duplicators, printers, and software. Each location will have a secure storage area for supplies and equipment used in events, such as walkie-talkies, cellular phones, portable fax machines, and laptops. Services provided by the company Although Occasions is primarily a service business, we will offer products to aid our customers in planning the event themselves. The following products will be the tools used inside our operation for the best possible results: Party Pack The Party Pack is a complete kit for any party. It includes decorations, lighting effects guide, disposable theme cameras, cutlery, plates, napkins, cups, punch mix (or recipe), snack supplies (or recipe), tablecloths, theme music (where applicable), invitations, thank-you cards, and a step-by-step guide to planning, putting together, and hosting the event. Step-by-Step Guides These booklets include a calendar to map out the event, a step-by-step guide on what is needed for and how to put together a successful, worry-free event, resource information, popular refreshments with recipes, games, and tips to put their event in the record books. The events available include birthdays for all ages, meetings, retreats, parties, vacations, and special occasion celebrations such as graduations, holidays, showers, weddings, and receptions. Event Planning Software This cutting-edge tool will allow the client all the resources and visual aids for their event planning. They will be able to play with decoration themes, listen to theme music, design invitations, thank-you cards, and RSVP cards, use the interactive planning calendar, and much more. This software will bring their event into the millennium with cutting edge technology that is designed to save time and money. Resources Manual This valuable guide acts as a review for all the resources located in the surrounding area. A ranking is given to the various services, such as caterers, decorators, disc jockeys, bands, and facilities. This manual gives the client the freedom of making a choice based on experience. Free Event Planners Training for High School and College Students It will be our mission to support our community. Ten hours each month will be devoted to training area students in event planning. This will aid them in planning proms, graduation parties, river clean-ups, homecoming, and other important events. This will be a priority of Occasions. It will not be cut back as the business grows. Occasions will provide event planning in a wide range of applications. We guarantee satisfaction in the areas of appearance, performance, and taste. The following is a sampling of the types of events we plan every year: * Meetings, Trainings, and Retreats. * Conferences and Workshops. * Birthdays, Anniversaries, Graduations and Holidays. * Weddings, Receptions, and Showers. * Company picnics, banquets, and award ceremonies. Employees in the company The management team within Occasions will be small in the beginning. The primary employees will be the founders i.e our group members, who will plan events, then contract with caterers, decorators, disc jockeys, and bands to fill out the event. One of the group member will act as a contract labor site manager to work the events as a liaison and vendor coordinator. Thus, there will be four main employees as we are four number of people in the group.. When Occasions will reach its expansion goals, each office will have one to two event planners, an office assistant, two to three site managers for the events, and a product and marketing specialist. This team will function as one with constant communication through weekly staff meetings, email, and message boards. All jobs are interrelated. The performance of one effects the performance of the others; therefore, each team member expects nothing but the best from each other. As it functions currently, we see no gaps in the management of this organization. Should Occasions grow beyond its estimated size, more positions in specialized areas will need to be added as well as additional site support and office assistance. To fill these positions, Occasions will look for energetic, teachable, detail-oriented persons who want the potential to grow and improve their skills within the organization. Occasions want to be the best; therefore, they will hire those who want to succeed. MANAGEMENT SUMMARY: Organizational Structure The management team within Occasions will be small in the beginning. The primary employees will be the founders, i.e four members of our group who will plan events, then contract with caterers, decorators, disc jockeys, and bands to fill out the event. A contract labor site manager will be on hand to work the events as a liaison and vendor coordinator. Thus, there will be five main employees with various levels of vendors. When Occasions reaches its expansion goals, each office will have one to two event planners, an office assistant, two to three site managers for the events, and a product and marketing specialist. This team will function as one with constant communication through weekly staff meetings, email, and message boards. All jobs are interrelated. The performance of one effects the performance of the others; therefore, each team member expects nothing but the best from each other. As it functions currently, we see no gaps in the management of this organization. Should Occasions grow beyond its estimated size, more positions in specialized areas will need to be added as well as additional site support and office assistance. To fill these positions, Occasions is looking for energetic, teachable, detail-oriented persons who want the potential to grow and improve their skills within the organization. Occasions wants to be the best; therefore, we will hire those who want to succeed. Financial Plan Service-based business requires funds to start up and, as they grow and expand, less funds to maintain. The charts and graphs that follow will show that investment up front allows Occasions to function debt-free with little overhead. This gives Occasions aquickerbreak-even point and increased profit margins from the start. As Occasions grows, the debt-free philosophy will be maintained until it is impossible to function during growth periods without financial assistance. OCCASIONS WEAK MONTH YEAR MARRIAGES 1 4 48 BIRTHDAYS, ANNINERSARIES, ETC 2 8 96 BUSINESS MEETINGS 1 4 48 SALES OR REVENUE FOR THE YEAR MARRIAGES = 1*50000*48=RS.2400000/- BIRTHDAYS = 1*25000*96=RS.2400000/- MEETINGS = 1*15000*48=RS.720000/- TOTAL REVENUE/SALES = RS.5520000/- CAPITAL INTRODUCED = 4*150000=RS.600000/- LAND OWNED RENOVATION RS. 300000/- EXPENSES: ELECTRICITY CHARGES RS. 60000/- TELEPHONE CHARGES RS. 14400/- REFRESHMENT CHARGES RS. 36000/- TRAVELLING CHARGES RS. 60000/- STAFF 2*6000=12000*12=RS.144000/- 2*12000=24000*12=RS.288000/- MIS. CHARGES RS. 54000/- ASSETS PURCHASED: COMPUTER 2*20000=RS.40000/- AIR CONDITIONER 2*25000=RS.50000/- FURNITURE AND FITTINGS RS.50000/- Key Financial Indicators The break-even point for Occasions is based on the assumption that we will produce 16 events per month and average approximately RS.15000/- per event. Currently, we average more than this assumption for our public and private organization events. The break-even point will appear more rapidly for Occasions than for other types of home-based businesses. Break even Analysis: Break even unit: 2 Monthly Units 16 Monthly Sales RS.46000/- Assumptions: Per-Unit Revenue 28750 Monthly Variable Cost 45200 Monthly Fixed Cost 14500 Leading the industry in event planning requires the use of the resources available at the lowest cost. As noted in the table, we spend less money on overhead than other event planners with an outside office or office space in their own facility. This savings allows us to market in creative ways and spend funds on expansion into other areas, when the time is right. PROJECTED PROFIT AND LOSS ACCOUNT SALES 5520000 EXPENSES: ELECTRICITY CHARGES 60000 TELEPHONE CHARGES 14400 REFRESHMENT CHARGES 36000 STAFF SALARY 432000 ADVERTISE MENT 60000 TRAVELLING CHARGES 60000 MISCELLANEOUS 54000 TOTAL OPERATING EXP. RS.716400/- PROFIT BEFORE INT. AND TAX 5520000-716400=RS. 4803600/- INTEREST NIL TAX (40%) 1921440 NET PROFIT RS.2882160/-

The Heroines of the Western Schoolhouse :: Teachers Education Papers

The Heroines of the Western Schoolhouse "School-Teacher Wanted: One room schoolhouse seeks a young, single white woman who is willing to leave her sheltered life and come teach twenty to thirty classes a day, for a variety of students ranging in ages from five to twenty-two. Teacher must be able to perform with inadequate teaching materials and minimal funding for her salary and for the maintenance of the school." If you fit these qualifications, you would've been a wonderful addition to the old Western schoolhouse. Women of the Western schoolhouse had a reputation for instilling values and lessons to the children of the frontier. They were historical heroines who chose to journey all the way from the East just to hear the sounds of children learning. According to Anne M. Butler, in her book Uncommon Common Women, these women left behind their family and friends, "took teacher training, signed two-year contracts, and set forth for unknown sites " (68). Schoolteachers on the frontier must have had an incredible love for children in order to deal with the difficulties the West placed in their way. Adventurous women came from the East to teach for many different reasons: some felt God's calling, others felt a sense of responsibility, and still others came because they needed money to support themselves and their families back home. But at the heart of all these women, was a love for children that allowed them to venture forth into the world unknown. In reality, was a love for children enough to keep these women in this land far from home? Well, there were other advantages for their staying, as well. When women left the East, they were uncertain of their skills, and many felt this was their only option. But these dedicated women stumbled upon a sense of inner confidence they had never known before, and they also gained a more creative outlook on things. Other young women came with the hope they'd meet their perfect match and live happily ever after. For them, the West offered a sense of adventure worth pursuing. Ladies certainly didn't choose the profession of teaching because of monetary benefits. Butler explained that schoolteachers were met with the challenge of having "low wages and a high cost of living" (73). Classes were only taught during the seasons that didn't coincide with the heaviest farm production, and many districts only paid "per head/per day, a system that lowered teacher salaries when children were absent for impassable travel conditions or seasonal farm and ranch responsibilities" (Butler 73).

Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust Essay -- Essays Papers

Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust Synopsis – Hitler’s Willing Executioners is a work that may change our understanding of the Holocaust and of Germany during the Nazi period. Daniel Goldhagen has revisited a question that history has come to treat as settled, and his researches have led him to the inescapable conclusion that none of the established answers holds true. Drawing on materials either unexplored or neglected by previous scholars, Goldhagen presents new evidence to show that many beliefs about the killers are fallacies. They were not primarily SS men or Nazi Party members, but perfectly ordinary Germans from all walks of life, men who brutalized and murdered Jews both willingly and zealously. â€Å"They acted as they did because of a widespread, profound, unquestioned, and virulent anti-Semitism that led them to regard the Jews as a demonic enemy whose extermination was not only necessary but also just.†1 The author proposes to show that the phenomenon of German anti-Semitism was alread y deep-rooted and pervasive in German society before Hitler came to power, and that there was a widely shared view that the Jews ought to be eliminated in some way from German society. When Hitler chose mass extermination as the only final solution, he was easily able to enlist vast numbers of Germans to carry it out. About the Author - Daniel Jonah Goldhagen is Assistant Professor of Government and Social Studies at Harvard University and an Associate of Harvard's Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies. His doctoral dissertation, which is the basis for his book "Hitler's Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust," was awarded the American Political Science Association's 1994 Gabriel A. Almond Award for the best dissertation in the field of comparative politics.2 Summary - For the extermination of the Jews to occur, four principal things were necessary: 1. The Nazis - that is, the leadership, specifically Hitler - had to decide to undertake the extermination. 2. They had to gain control over the Jews, namely over the territory in which they resided. 3. They had to organize the extermination and devote to it sufficient resources. 4. They had to induce a large number of people to carry out the killings. The vast literature on Nazism and the Holocaust treats in great depth the first three elements, the focus of this book, is t... ...lity and having judged the mass annihilation of Jews to be right, did not want to say "no." It is my belief that the author presents a very controversial view of the causes and implementation of the Holocaust. The root of the controversy is his contention that the German people, as a society, are responsible for the attempted extermination of the Jews. According to Mr. Goldhagen, in the eyes of the Germans, the Jews as nothing more than a cancer that must be removed in order to cure the ills of their nation. In the book Mr. Goldhagen has gone to great extents to prove his views. However, â€Å"†¦his theories will probably remain a point of contention with historians for years to come.†4 The brutality and horror that is described throughout the book is, at times, overwhelming. To realize that one group of people can treat their fellow man with such heartlessness and savagery in what we call a civilized world is almost beyond comprehension. Notes 1. Hitler’s Willing Executioners, Book Jacket, 1996 2. Patterns of Prejudice, Erich Goldhagen, 1978, 12, No.1, 1-16 3. First Things, Richard John Neuhaus, August/September 1996, 36-41 4. U.S. News & World Report, David Gergen, May 24, 1996

Family, Friends and Fame: Handel’s Roots and First Influences Essay

A composer’s influence doesn’t end within the pages of his composition. It stretches on, to musicians and other famous composers. Georg Frideric Handel is one famous example. Being a primary influence to many of the most famous composers of all time, such as Beethoven and Mozart, Handel has been one of the most acclaimed men in the history of music. The entire English nation, owes him a debt of gratitude because of the masterly way in how he encouraged and command them to assimilate and accept the beauty of the music he created. Even a master such as Handel, though, has simple and humble origins. He encountered obstacles and experiences during his early years that nearly cost him and prevented him from creating the masterpieces he gave the world. Most of these came during his early years of being a musician, and stemmed from close relationships. Handel Family Origins Handel’s roots originally belonged to Breslau, a city in southwestern Poland, found near the Oder river. For several generations, their family has been coppersmiths. Valentine Handel, the grandfather of the composer, was born in 1582, and in his later years migrated to Halle. Two sons of his followed in the coppersmith trade, but his third son, Georg, became a barber-surgeon instead. Georg married a woman who was the widow of the barber who acted as his mentor. She was 12 years older than he. After the death of his wife, he married his second wife, named Dorothea Taust, the daughter of a clergyman. From this marriage, sprung four children, one of them destined to become famous for his compositions. Birth and Family Ties On the 23rd of February 1685, Dorothea gave birth to George Frideric Handel, in the Duchy of Magdeburg, found at the Upper Saxony. Halle, the place where he was born, was not a very attractive place. â€Å"Travellers unanimously complained of its dusky impression, its sooty buildings, and its crooked narrow, ill-paved streets. † Nevertheless, Halle was home for the Handels, and this was where George Frideric spent his childhood. Handel had a half-brother and half-sister when he was born, Karl and Sophie Rosine, respectively, and both were already older than him. Despite having different mothers, Handel maintained a good relationship with his half-siblings. Karl Handel even played an interesting role in a crucial musical incident involving his younger half brother and his love for music. Relationship With His Parents Even at a young age, George Frideric already had great love for music. When he was still a baby, the toys found in his nursery were those that produce musical sounds, including flutes, drums, and trumpets. The first few years, it was amusing, but as he developed, it seemed to become more serious. Handel had intimate, but very different ties with his father and mother. While one urged him to pursue his dream of being a musician, the other greatly opposed it. Georg, the composer’s father, wanted his child to obtain a proper occupation, and pursue law. He had big ambitions for his boy. When he observed the child’s strong propensity for music, he greatly forbade and opposed it, commanding him to stay away from anything that might steer him towards that profession. He did not understood art, and does not understand the noble part artists play in the world, only seeing them as men of amusement, entertaining the world during idle moments. â€Å" ‘Music,’ said he, ‘was an elegant art and a fine amusement; yet if considered as an occupation, it had little dignity, as having for its subject nothing better than mere pleasure and entertainment. ‘† He forbade the child to attend the public schools, fearing that he would be drawn nearer to his musical dreams. The child was also forbidden to visit places where he can hear music. The musical instruments found in the house were also banished. Despite his father’s harshness towards the dream he loved so much, the child persisted. He knew music was his calling, and even if he knew he was going against his father’s wishes and putting himself in danger of being caught, he found ways. He would manage to lay hands on a dumb spinet or a clavicord, hiding it in a garret. Usually, these were given to him by his mother or godmother, a woman named Anna. At night, when the whole house is asleep, he would sneak out and tinker and play with the instrument. These hidden, stolen moments allowed the young man proper concentration, leading to better understanding of music, and therefore, paving way to greatness. Dorothea, Handel’s mother, was filled with love and ambition for her child. While her husband opposed the â€Å"low dignified† profession, she silently encouraged him to pursue it. Even when he died, Dorothea and her son’s relationship were as warm and devoted to each other, drawing strength from faith. Along with her, Handel’s two sisters also showered him with love and affection. This influence is perhaps the reason why the composer worked with women as singers, and became knowledgeable in the ways of women. â€Å"Sometimes a mixed blessing, he seemed to have thought, but an opportunity and professional relationship most men did not have in that time. † The Incident at the Duke’s Palace Another interesting incident in Handel’s childhood also played a crucial factor in his ambition to be a man of music. When his father was to visit Karl, the son from his former marriage, the seven year old George pleaded to be taken with him, even following the coach on foot when his father refused to take him with it. Eventually, the father agreed. When they arrived at the Duke of Saxe-Weisenfields’ Palace, where the son was a valet-de-chambre, the child wandered off, and started tinkering with the church organ, unable to resist it. The Duke heard the music, asked questions, and the child was brought to him. He asked the boy to play. The royalty recognized the child’s talent and addressed his father telling him that â€Å"it was a sort of crime against humanity to stifle so much genius in its birth†. The father conceded, and swore to respect the vocation. Handel was grateful to the Duke for his good advice to his father. In his later years, he even regarded the Duke as his benefactor. When they returned to Halle, his father allowed the child to be taught by Friedrich Wilhelm Zachow, the Liebfrauenkirche’s organist and also permitted him to continue his school work. For the next five years, Handel acted as an assistant for Zachow, and finally got his first formal training in the field of music. Following His Father’s Wish Handel’s father ruled him with an iron grip, and even if he allowed the child to practice his ambition of being a musician, he still wished for him to continue a career in law. On February 11, 1967, the composer’s father died in his sleep, perhaps of old age. He left behind his widow, two daughters and son, who was then barely 12 years old. Handel became them the man of the household, and was forced into an adult world at a tender age. Five years after his father’s death, February 1702, he entered the University of Halle, as a student of law or â€Å"Studiosus Juris†. This career choice, however, was not meant to last long. In July 1703, the eighteen year old Handel moved to Hamburg, where he took a job in the theater as a â€Å"violon di ripieno†. Without his father keeping an eye on him, he was able to leave his home and his family, and become a musician. Friendship with Georg Philipp Telemann Handel was not the only musician who was imprisoned in his deceased father’s dreams of studying law. Another young man by the name of Georg Philipp Telemann was also in the same plight, unsure of his plans of studying law. His mother was insisting that he give up his dreams of music, in respect to his deceased father’s dreams for him. Telemann was born at Magdeburg in 1681, and was four years older than Handel. When they met, he was reluctantly traveling to the University of Leipzig to pursue law. Telemann says that while with Handel, he â€Å"imbibed so much of the ‘strong poison’ of music as to nearly overset all his resolutions†. Handel’s enthusiasm for the profession influenced the other man so much, that he became tempted to go against what her mother wanted. However, Telemann’s mother’s wishes prevailed. Fortunately for him, a friend discovered one of his psalms and presented it to a burgomaster, who declared it a fine harmony and inquired about the composer. He was employed to compose something for the church, and was given compensation. When he sent word to his mother (who was then supporting his finances) about this, he was able to prove to her that the profession she had been unfavorable to, yields good results and steady income after all. She finally gave him her blessing to pursue his dream. Handel and Telemann then renewed their friendship, corresponding regularly and meeting often with each other. One composer’s influence upon another is always extraordinary, as seen in Handel and Telemann. Like, their music, their friendship lasted a lifetime. They exchanged advice and encouragement, giving one another the much needed push to pursue the profession they both love. Meeting Johann Mattheson When Handel moved to Hamburg in 1703, one of the first people he made friends with was Johann Mattheson, a composer, theorist and singer. Despite Mattheson’s young age, he had also become one of the most influential men in Hamburg. Like Telemann, he was four years older than Handel. Mattheson was gifted, but vain. Nevertheless, Handel was eternally grateful to Mattheson, because the latter introduced him to the musical life in the new place he was in. Mattheson recounts that the first time he met Handel, the young man was â€Å"strong at the organ, stronger than Kuhnau in fugue and counterpoint, especially es tempore, but he knew very little about melody†. Mattheson helped Handel pursue his dreams, even introducing him to the English ambassador Sir Cyril Wyche. Their family music was assiduously cultivated, and here, Handel was able to get engagements and students. They worked at the opera together, and also went to social excursions and musicals, despite numerous controversies that surrounded their friendship. They also traveled to Lubeck together, to contest each other for the post of the organist at the Marienkirche, to succeed Dietrich Buxtenhude, who was about to retire. They both withdrew, though, upon learning that Buxtenhude wanted the successor to marry his daughter. During the time they spent together, the two became very good friends and inseparable companions. All good friends have their disagreements, and so did these two fervent individuals. Their personalities, fueled by the same music, can be very different at times, and often became the result of conflict. In the marketplace, in front of a large crowd, they fought with swords after a quarrel while conducting â€Å"Cleopatra†, Mattheson’s opera. The fight ended when a metal button on Handel’s coat broke Mattheson’s sword. Perhaps, they both realized the stupidity of their actions. Hence, the two musicians resolved the issue, buried the hatchet, and emerged better friends than ever. During his stay in Hamburg, Handel was able to produce a cantata on the Passion, four operas and several minor compositions. These, and the exposure and experience from this place would not have been possible, if not for the guidance and help of his good friend and colleague Johann Mattheson. Concluding A Life Of Music George Frideric Handel died on April 14, 1759, peacefully in his sleep. He left behind a life’s worth of compositions, the most acclaimed and famous one being the â€Å"Messiah†. If a study on his operas and dramatic works was made, people will discover a Handel that’s very unknown: a composer with an unparalleled sense for dramatic human character. Perhaps, majority of it came from a life of experiences, but a tremendous part of it came from the people closest to him. His family origins and closest friends influenced him, in such a way that he emerged as one of the most famous and celebrated composers in the world. References Bray, Anna Eliza. (1857). Handel: His Life, Personal and Professional. Harvard University. Dent, Edward Joseph. (2007). Handel. BiblioBazaar, LLC. Harris, Ellen T. (2001). Handel As Orpheus: Voice And Desire In The Chamber Cantatas. Harvard University Press. Hogwood, Christopher. (2005). Handel: Water Music and Music for The Royal Fireworks. Cambridge University Press. Lang, Paul Henry. (1996). George Frideric Handel. Courier Dove Publications. Sadie, Stanley & Hicks, Anthony. (1987). Handel: Tercentenary Collection. Boydell and Brewer. Schoelcher, Victor. (1857). The Life of Handel. Oxford University. Streatfield, R. A. (2005). Handel. Kessinger Publishing. Van Til, Marian. (2007). George Frideric Handel: A Music Lover’s Guide to His Life, His Faith and the Development of Messiah and His Other Oratorios. WordPower Publishing. Vaughan, Robert, & Allon, Henry. (1862). The British Quarterly Review. Hodder and Stoughton. Williams, Charles Francis Abdy. (2008). Handel. BiblioBazaar, LLC.

Roleof Women in the Things They Carried

The arise of the World Why do we find fault Helens beauty for the Trojan contend or Eves remarkable disposition for Adams choice to wipe start the apple, so beginning the venomous human civilization? Through proscribed write up browse force bear found it comfortable to hold wo hands responsible for their deliver weaknesses and intolerance. The emotionlessness of anti-feminist and conservative movework forcets showcases the actuallyity of the Stockholm syndrome and chivalrous serfdom. Men have been the captors and the masters of the women for clipping in antiquity, still we still assist empathy in women. atomic number 1 Kissinger could non have summarized it both better when he said, aught will ever win the involvement of the Sexes. There is too much fraternizing with the enemy. Tim OBriens The Things They Carried is n each about the encounter of sexes nor is it a feminist manifesto. The literary inferences, socio-political context, portrayal of various feminine person characters, and their influence on the male characters truly depict changes in the social perception of sexual practice roles, resulting competitiveness, and their solvent for Ameri ordure society.A persistent with all the things the men of the Alpha Company carried, they also took on the burden of stamps of relish for the women they had left behind. Women atomic number 18 a source of motivation, inspiration, and comfort. Lieutenant sc enthral finds comfort and urinate outside(a) from the war in his daydreams about Martha for enthalpy Dobbins his girlfriends pantyhose are a reminder of her sexual neck, which he believes is a life-saving talisman Norman Bowker laughingstock gather cour get along with to talk to sally Gustafson and Fossie is madly in love with Mary-Anne to the termi res publica that he arranges to fly her d testify to Vietnam.The definition of the excogitate love has been amatoryized to the extent that it neer embodies the un indig enceed consequent pinchs of temper, lust, objectification, jealousy, possessiveness, and insecurity. horn in mar love metamorphosizes into lust and jealousy he is obsessed with Marthas virginity and begins to scrutinize each single detail, take down the shadows, in the photograph. change surface though Martha has never confessed about her smell outing towards Jimmy Cross, his feelings of jealousy and lust transforms into anger at the death of Ted Lavender.Fossies love transforms into jealousy, possessiveness, and insecurity when he palpates that Mary-Anne is drifting outside from him. He finds it emasculating that Mary-Anne now prefers to run more(prenominal)(prenominal) period with the Green Berets than with him and his colleagues. He conquers her by imposing jointure on her, which is unambiguous when betrayer kiley says, Over dinner she kept her eyes down, poking at her food, subdues to the point of silence . Nervously, shed grimace across the table at Fossie. She d wait a moment, as if to match some sort of clearance, then shed bow her head and mumble out a vague countersignature or two.There were no sure answers (OBrien 103). Mary-Annes state and Fossies forceful mesmerism justify what Andrea Dworkin says about marriage conjugation as an invention developed from rape as a practice. Rape, originally defined as abduction, became marriage by capture. trades union meant the taking was to extend in conviction, to be non only use of exclusively also possession of, or ownership. superstar can sense a feeling of victory, sarcasm, and pride in Fossies wraith when he says, maven thing for sure, though, on that point wont be any more ambushes. No more easy nightsIll put this way-we were formally engagedWell hey, shell make a sweet bride . Combat ready (OBrien 103). This farther justifies Andrea Dworkins claims about marriage, conquest of women, and their subjugation by men. The idea of young soldiers handout to war for their inelega nt, amativeizing about the love of their life, and feeler home victorious to claim their trophies (the women they love), is so ideal and over sentimental. This idea would be classified as the story fairness by Tim OBrien, something everyone would alike to hear, besides the happening truth that expects the word love with all its connotations is deemed too negative by the story truth. P. B.Shelleys poem One Word Is Too often Profaned, deals with Shelleys resolve not to use the word love to express his feelings because it has been used so loosely that it has become too buy to express the feeling for love. One word is too often dispiritedd For me to profane it One feeling too falsely disdained For thee to disdain it I can outpouring not what men call love only when wilt thou learn not. The love stories of Jimmy Cross, go under Fossie, and Henry Dobbins end in either rejection or despair. These stories are more about cathartic redemption and courage rather than distress and spite. Jimmy Cross is transformed into a utiful and responsible leader afterward detaching himself from Martha. The causation assumes an introspective tone as he discloses Lieutenant Cross transformation in the following leave off There was the in the buff hardness in his stomach. He love her but he hated herNo more fantasies, he told himself. He would accept the blame for what had happened to Ted Lavender. He would be a man about it. He would assist them in the eyes, keeping his chin level, and he would issue the new SOPs in a pacify, impersonal tone of voice, a lieutenants voice, leaving no room for argument and discussion (OBrien 24-25).Henry Dobbins inappropriate Fossie, is able to keep himself unitedly after his girlfriend parts him, and now those stockings just about his neck symbolize his resolve to concur the pain of desertion and turn it into the military unit to fight and stay unrecorded in the war. Dobbins commendable light-heartedness after reading his gir lfriends break-up earn is evident when he says. No sweat. The charming doesnt go away, as he wraps his neck with the stockings (OBrien 118). Mark Fossie is in rank(a) misery after Mary-Anne rejects him, to the extent that he does not talk or eat for days and gives up on his own existence.He is in a worse condition than Cross and Dobbins, as he feels responsible for the rebellious transformation of Mary-Anne, thus bringing rejection upon himself. From the male spatial relation, Fossie would label Mary-Annes transformation as rebellious, which he tries to stick down by the proposition of marriage and engagement. But from a egg-producing(prenominal) perspective her transformation would be labe take as liberating. The Green Berets symbolize the renaissance men and social charters of the twenty first hundred who treat women as equals.In contrast, Mary-Anne symbolizes and foreshadows the egression of the assertive women who are impervious to gender bias, and are not afraid to leav e the shelter of men for achieving their own goals. Finally, Mark Fossie symbolizes male chauvinism that is in decline, and this suggests that the institution of marriage cannot be used as an instrument to confine women for their convenience. The female characters in The Things They Carried can be classified into triplet theme-based groups. The first group inhabiting of Martha and Sally Gustafson characterizes the conventional love interests of the soldiers.Martha is inspirational for Jimmy Cross, but she never dwells that she replys such a invention in Jimmys life. She writes him letters, and gives him pictures, and sends him a pebble for a good luck, but never intends to be Jimmys romantic interest or his girl postponement at home for him. By the time of Ted Lavenders death Jimmy knows that none of her letters has a romantic idea to them and that the pebble is nothing more than a good luck charm. She never mentions about the war in her letters to Jimmy. In a way, Marthas ch aracter shows deficiency of empathy towards Jimmy, who is amidst a war.It is explained by the narrators reasoning of Cross feelings as he states, In those burned letter Martha never mentioned the war, except to say, Jimmy take awe of yourself. She wasnt involved. She signed the letters Love, but it wasnt love, and all the fine lies and technicalities did not matter (OBrien 24). Women like Martha feel good-hearted towards Jimmy, but they cannot register what the soldiers are divergence by means of. This is could be attributed to the reason that conventionally women do not serve a major(ip) in wars except serving as medical nurses.Norman Bowker assumes that Sally would not be interested in earreach stories about Vietnam given her dislike of profanity. The profanity, air, and instrument panel in hind end Kileys letter to Curt lemon trees sister would have had the corresponding effect. She could not have been able to empathize with Rat Kiley, and help him find solace by reply ing to his letter. The woman, who retorts to the story of the baby buffalo universe tortured by Rat Kiley with disgust and shame, fails to understand the nature of war and its effect on people.All these women aline to the conventional notions and reservations regarding the roles of women in society, especially that women cannot serve in combat. The second group of female characters consists of only Mary-Anne. She characterizes the liberated and confident puss of 21st century modern women. Mary-Annes appearance resembles the first group of female characters A tall, big-boned blonde. At best, Rat said, she was s scourteen days old, fresh out of Cleveland Heights Senior High. She had long albumen legs and blue eyes and a complexion like strawberry ice cream. very(prenominal) friendly, too. (OBrien 93). However, she is transformed after coming Vietnam into a self-aware, confident, and independent woman and this gives a sense of competition to other men. This is well picture when Fossie and Rat Kiley are left without words when they meet Mary-Anne after half a dozen days, as she tells them, Youre in a rank where you dont belong. You just dont know, You hide in this little fortress, behind wire and sandbags, and you dont know what its all aboutI get scared some generationlots of timesbut its not bad. You know? I feel close to myself. When Im out thither at night, I eel close to my own body, I can feel my blood moving, my skin and my fingernails, everything, its like Im full of electrical energy and Im glowing in the darkIm on fire almostIm burning away into nothingbut it doesnt matter because I know exactly who I am. You cant feel like that anywhere else (OBrien 111). This passage captures the real essence of Mary-Annes transformation, distinguishes her from other female characters, and shows that she has more virility than even the men in the war. Hereby, OBrien disapproves the notion that women are better suited for non-combat roles in war.Mary-Anne unl ike the female characters of Martha, Sally Gustafson, and Curt Lemons sister who are either unaware or turn a blind eye towards the war, finds it very self-satisfying. sometimes I want to eat this place. Vietnam. I want to swallow the whole countrythe dirt, the deathI just want to eat it and have it at that place privileged me. Thats how I feel. Its like . . . this appetite, OBriens choice of words in this excerpt symbolizes that for Mary-Anne Vietnam has a stabilizing effect, and the way she wants to calm her inner chaos is by overpowering (experiencing) everything that Vietnam has to offer.A contrasting character to Mary-Anne in this aspect is Rat Kiley, as he shoots his own foot in ordinate to escape combat in Vietnam. even the Green Berets, who are considered the most stiff and badass soldiers in Vietnam are humbled by Mary-Annes courage There were times, apparently, when she took crazy, seath-wish chances-things that even the Greenies balked at (OBrien 115). Mary-Anne remi nds me of another woman from the have gots of storey who shares the same courageous traits as her, and led the men and a whole nation to victory that is Joan DArc.Hereby, it is not move that liberty and the nationhood of France are personified as woman, the Statue of intimacy and Marianne, respectively. The third and the last group of women consist of Linda she signifies how pure love can vivify and transform a persons life. The relationship between Tim and Linda is the most approbatory one amongst all the relationships. Irrespective of his age at the time of his short-lived childhood romance with Linda, the relationship has a long lasting effect on him. evening though they did not get to spend a great deal of time together OBrien dreams imaginary meetings with Linda in his sleep that rekindle and keep his feelings bouncy. The real moments shared with Linda and her memories are kept alive by his subconscious mind as it creates the imaginative dreams about her, which alleviat e the pain of her death and the fact that she is no more around him. This idea is well conveyed in the last chapter when OBrien says, Im forty-three historic period old, and a writer now, still aspiration Linda alive in exactly the same way.Shes not the embodied Linda shes mostly make up, with a new identity and a new name, like the man who never was. Her real name doesnt matter. She was nine years old. I loved her and then she died. And yet right here, in the spell of keeping and imagination, I can still know her as if through ice, as if Im gazing into some other world, a place where there are no brain tumors and no funeral homes, where there are no bodies at all (OBrien 245). Tim OBrien writes about his experiences in Vietnam in order to keep those memories alive and preserve them in his stories.He discovers that storytelling has a healing effect on him, when he mentions, Yet when I received Norman Bowkers letter, it occurred to me that the act of writing had led me through a swirl of memories that might other than have ended in paralysis or worse (OBrien 158). He ends the book with an exemplifying statement about storytelling, by saying, I realize it as Tim hard to save Timmys life with a story (OBrien 246). The different and distinct roles of women in Tim OBriens The Things They Carried portray the conflict of expectations, individualism, and freedom between men and women.It is strong to label The Things They Carried as a work on Vietnam War or simply a collection of love stories. But it is certain that the book captures the changes and conflicts in the nature of relationship between men and women in terms of boundaries, space, independence and individualism. I can relate to the male characters of The Things they Carried, as like them I too have experienced my feelings of love transform into jealousy, possessiveness, and insecurity, leading to like changes and conflicts.Being left desolate and in despair helped me to transform the failure into m ilitary unit to carry on and become a better person. This strength has instilled in me empathy, which has enabled me to understand my female counterparts better and respect them even more. Work Cited OBrien, Tim. The Things They Carried a Work of Fiction. upstart York Broadway, 1998. Print. Shelly, Percy B. One Word Is Too a good deal Profaned by Percy Bysshe Shelley. The Literature network Online Classic Literature, Poems, and Quotes. Essays Summaries. Web. 13 May 2011. http//www. online-literature. com/shelley_percy/671/.