Public Health and Nutrition Objectives - 541 Words

Objectives: Know the organic and functional alterations of the individual and their relationship to the nutritional aspect. Know the elements of cellular pathology in relation to the various organic disorders. Identify the signs and symptoms of each disorder. Program: I. Eating disorders: Anorexic and bulimia. Feeding behaviour. Malnutrition. Malnutrition. Food plans. II. Esophagus: The stenosis, reflux. Feeding Plan. III. Stomach: Gastritis, erosions, ulcers, pyloric obstruction, gastrectomy. Food Plan IV. Small intestine: Functions of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum. Diarrhea. Malabsorption syndrome. Celiac disease. Diet therapy. V. Large intestine: The irritable colon, diverticula,†¦show more content†¦Cholecystitis. Cystic disease. IX. Protein metabolism: Synthesis of amino acids and proteins. Failures in metabolism. Failure by binding to specific receptors bad for membrane. Protein catabolism, catabolism defective amyloidosis. Application diet therapy. Asymptomatic hyperuricemia and gout. X. Diabetes: Concept. Types. Causes. Pathophysiology. Clinic symptoms. Locations cardiovascular system, eyes, nervous system, kidneys and other organs. Diabetes and pregnancy. Adequate food. XI. Diabetic comas: Physiopathology. Nutrition. XII. Obesity: Concept. Food Plan. Conduct before fashions. XIII. Lipoproteins: Concept. Types. Metabolism, catabolism. Lipoprotein disorders. Diseases lipoprotein abnormalities: excess, abnormal structure, decrease. Food plan for each situation. XIV. Arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis: Atheroma. Pathophysiology. Food and non food factors. Lipoprotein factors associated with atherosclerosis. Prevention and eating plan. XV. Kidney and nutrition: The role of nutrition in the kidney. IRA. IRC. Urolithiasis. Dialysis and renal transplantation. Food plans for each situation. XVI. Sepsis and nutrition: Physiopathology. repercussion on nutrition. Malnutrition and sepsis. Septic shock. Food Plan. Burn patients: pathophysiology, food plan. Nutrition and cancer: the hypercalcemia and cachexia. Feeding behaviour. XVII. Heart disease: The insufficient, heart rate and nutrition. ArterialShow MoreRelatedEssay about Nutrition in Public Health 1165 Words   |  5 PagesNutrition in public health: Objectives: Ensure that students acquire specific knowledge for the analysis of food and nutrition problems in population groups. Identify the causal factors of the state of nutrition in communities. Be able to take part in the planning and programming for prevention and control activities within the field of nutrition in public health. Program: I. Concept of public health: Historical evolution. Population and food. 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The survivors completed a written screening and two 45-60 minute telephone intervi ews that covered their current health status, to include, diet, weight

Analysis Of Ralph Waldo Emerson And Henry David Thoreau

Natures Second Face In the early mid-nineteenth century, a philosophical movement known as transcendentalism took root and flourished in America. It evolved into a predominantly literary expression which placed an emphasis on the corruptions of organized religion, political parties, and societal involvement; above all, the movement promoted the wonders of â€Å"nature† and its deep connection to the divine. The adherents through transcendentalism believed that knowledge could be arrived through intuition and contemplation of the internal spirit rather than by the means of the senses. As the two most prominent figures in the transcendentalist movement, Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau whole-heartedly embrace the principles of nature†¦show more content†¦Emerson encourages one to think of nature as a whole, and not merely as a collection of individual entities. Furthermore, he evokes the notion of the embodiment of nature and how few are able to see it; claiming the ones capable of perceiving such enlightenment are the ones who retain a benevolent innocent spirit—such as child—and who has retained the concept in times of adulthood—the poet. The mind of a child responds emotionally rather than sensorial. As a final remark in Emerson’s first chapter of nature, he states: in order for man to see nature plainly and receive the benefits one must push aside the old ways of thinking and egotism to become, as Emerson states, a transparent eyeball. ‘I am nothing, I see all. The currents of the Universal Being circulate through me; I am a part or particle of God. The name of the nearest friend sounds then foreign and accidental† (______). This form of vision represents the primary benefit of Nature, a form of ultimate transcendency where there is a spiritual real of reason beyond material understanding. Humanis tic delight in the landscapes, which is made up of many forms, provides an example of this integrated vision in which the universal entity transmits itself into one’s consciousness and makes one sense oneness with God. Nature, is thereby a metaphor of the mind in Emerson’s eyes. The future American writer and philosopher Henry David Thoreau would go on to test Emerson’sShow MoreRelatedRalph Waldo Emerson And Thoreau975 Words   |  4 Pagesto mind; Thoreau and Emerson. Where Emerson and Thoreau were clear examples of Bright Romanticism exemplified by the inclusion of nature, a positive view of mankind, and a poetic style that broke traditional method. Ralph Waldo Emerson exemplified him being a clear examples of Bright Romanticism with his first inclusion of nature. An excerpt talking about the author about this manner can found in Cliff Notes under the title of â€Å"Emerson’s Nature Summary and Analysis written thereRead MoreRalph Waldo Emersons Connection To Transcendentalism1223 Words   |  5 PagesWriting Plan For my historical event analysis, I have chosen to write about a Massachusetts-born American poet and essayist Ralph Waldo Emerson who was part of the Transcendentalist movement which geared philosophical thinking that involved viewing women as equal. Philip F. Gura, Transcendentalism and Social Reform, History Now, assessed May 14, 2017, https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/first-age-reform/essays/transcendentalism-and-social-reform. Emerson s support for women s suffrageRead MoreTranscendentalism And Its Impact On Society1491 Words   |  6 Pagesother than Ralph Waldo Emerson, who came first and later led to the teaching of Henry David Thoreau, the two most brilliant of the Transcendental era. 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As his family was â€Å"permanently poor,† he came to accept a moderate lifestyle, which may have later influenced his thoughts on the necessities of life (â€Å"Henry†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Ency. of World). As aRead MoreTranscendentalism: Henry David Thoreau Essay1096 Words   |  5 PagesHenry David Thoreau was born on July 12, 1817 in Concord, Massachusetts. Thoreau grew up in poverty; his dad was unsuccessful and had trouble maintaining a steady job. Thoreau followed in his father’s footsteps, ultimately bouncing from job to job, scorned by society for his unconventional way of living and lack of income (Henry David Thoreau, Discovering Biography). T horeau began to write with the guidance of Ralph Waldo Emerson who became one of the most important influences in his life. Living

Organisational Behaviour and Management for Scotts Garments

Question: Discuss about theOrganisational Behaviour and Management for Scotts Garments. Answer: Introduction Conflicts are one of the most commonly faced issues in any business organization. Conflicts arise due to the differences in opinion among the team-mates. Though it is quite common that conflicts might arise, while working together, however, it is essential that the conflicts are resolved as soon as possible, without letting it grow in size. This assignment highlights the readings of 4 articles related to conflict management and its key points are summarized. The main arguments are highlighted along with recommending the effective management of the conflicts in business organizations. Practical implications for the managers of the business organizations are also highlighted in this assignment. Overview of conflict management Understanding conflict management Understanding Conflict Management And Resolution In Scotts Garments Ltd. (2015). ELK Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resource Management and Organisational Behaviour. The first article highlights the definition of conflicts as a process when one of the sides perceives something as positive, while the other considers as negative. The author of the first article views conflicts as good and necessary for successful working in a team. Getting involved in conflicts energizes debates, enhances the responsiveness along with increasing the cohesion among the team-members. Moreover, with debates, the team members re-examine the various assumptions. The author addresses conflicts, conflicts management strategies, conflict resolution and its importance, along with proposing valid outcomes that are beneficial for both the parties in the conflict. The author also mentions that the differences in the interpretation of some of the facts related to the organizational work might give rise to conflicts. Moreover, lack of fulfilment of the behavioural expectations also gives rise to conflicts. This first article is important and relevant, since it offers various way s of resolving conflicts. Some of the types suggested by the author includes taking into consideration the interest of the other party, collaboration, compromising ones interest in order to resolve conflicts. However, the paper fails to address the destructive form of conflicts. The ways of mitigation of the various types of conflicts occurring in any organization is useful for ensuring that the conflicts are resolved as soon as they occur. Since the author highlights on the constructive forms of conflicts, hence the article is important in discussing the benefits that conflicts might bring to the business organizations. The article also highlights the fact that people need to focus on discussion, along with respecting the interest of other parties. Tjosvold, D., Wong, A. and Feng Chen, N. (2014). Constructively Managing Conflicts in Organizations. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 1(1), pp.545-568. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261181240_Constructively_Managing_Conflicts_in_Organizations?enrichId=rgreq-e92a038c-a13b-46bb-9589-625c478c5f76enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI2MTE4MTI0MDtBUzo5OTYxMDEzNTYyOTgyNUAxNDAwNzYwMzE1MTE5el=1_x_3 The author of the second article suggests various constructive ways of managing conflicts in any business organization. The author highlights that providing free expression of ones point of view is also essential in directing conflicts in a positive direction. Moreover, the author clearly indicates the mutual benefits that are obtained from conflicts. The author also highlights various skills and expertise that are required for the managers to fulfil the organizational goals, along with dealing with organizational conflicts. Team-work has a key role to play in fulfilling the organizational goals. The literature review amplifies the need for team-work in an organization, along with highlighting how team-work could be effectively used by resolution of conflicts as soon as possible. Various frameworks are models have been established such that conflict management could be done effectively. The author points at dialogue as a high quality of solution approach. The paper suggests various w ays in order to fulfil the goal that the paper has set. The author suggests that open-minded discussion, compromise, discussion and clarity in understanding are some of the effective ways that could be used for effective team-work and a healthy working relation among the managers and the employees. The strength of the paper lies in the fact that the positive outcomes of conflicts have been highlighted, along with including the managing styles such as obliging, compromising, avoidance and dominance. The various models that have been discussed highlight the fact that mutual benefit is obtained if the conflict management is done effectively. Both the articles discussed above are essential in highlighting the benefits of effective conflict management. The importance of team-work, along with promotion of cohesion among the team members are also highlighted in these two articles. However, the conclusion drawn is somewhat different. The first article concludes by shedding light on the negotiation process as one of the essential tools for managing conflicts. However, the second paper adopts the mutual benefits in a relation that is ready for open-minded discussion. Importance of conflict resolution for effective IT program goals Jiang, J.J., Chang, J.Y., Chen, H.G., Wang, E.T. and Klein, G., 2014. Achieving IT program goals with integrative conflict management. Journal of Management Information Systems, 31(1), pp.79-106. The author of this paper highlights the importance of conflict resolution in achieving the goals set by information technology programs. The author describes the IT programs as a collection of projects that are structured to meet the goals that are established by the top-management of the company. In-depth research needs to be carried out by the IT companies, before committing to a particular IT project. The author mentions that it is essential to ensure all the teams involved in the project align towards the achievement of a common goal. Conflicting goals in the IT projects are not desirable. However, conflicts occur among the various teams, working in one particular project. Each team often feels that the solution proposed by them is the best, and the other teams should follow those. These conflicts need to be resolved such that the best IT program, collecting the suggestions of all the teams could be provided to the client. The author proposes the use of the integrative conflict m anagement tool (ICM) for mitigating the conflicts. This technique is effective in resolving the conflicts that occur among the various teams. Using these tools, the conflicts could be resolved, this achieving better organizational goals. The ICM model is important in the resolution of the conflicts of the IT teams and has effective result in ensuring that the attainment of the goals is done successfully. The author also concludes that conflict resolution is essential for ensuring that the key components of the programs are utilized to meet the goals successfully. One limitation of this paper is the lack of highlighting the positive impacts of conflicts, such as coherence among the employees, openness to suggestions. The negative effects of conflicts and lack of its management has been shed light upon in this assignment. Conflict management Thakore, D., 2013. Conflict and Conflict Management. IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM), 8(6). Available at: https://iosrjournals.org/iosr-jbm/papers/Vol8-issue6/B0860716.pdf This article highlights the fact that conflicts cannot be avoided, since it forms an integral part of team-work. However, better management of the conflicts could be carried out successfully with effective discussion, compromise and understanding. The author defines conflicts as disagreement between two or more people, unable to accept the views of each other. The author defines the transition in the view of conflicts with time. These include the traditional school view of conflicts, human relation school view of conflicts, the inter-actionist school view of conflicts, the Integrationist school view of conflict. The author also described the various forms of conflicts in an organization. These include the interpersonal and intrapersonal conflicts, intergroup and intra-group conflicts, inter-organizational conflicts. However, it is essential that all these types of conflicts be resolved as soon as possible. The author has described a conflict resolution model that describes the variou s steps of resolving the conflicts successfully. The various strategies that could be taken up in order to ensure successful resolution of the conflicts include achievement of personal goals, keeping good relation with others. Moreover, it is important that people avoid the rise of conflicts. This is also an effective strategy, to ensure effective conflict resolution. Smoothing is another effective strategy that could be used in conflict resolution. Smoothing refers to the conciliation that takes place, when one person is ready to accept the opinion of the other. Forcing is also another way of conflict resolution that results in forcing a person to accept the view point of the other. The author concludes that conflict is an omnipresent feature of every organization. However, since all teams and units are part of the same organization, hence conflicts have to be resolved as soon as possible. Summary of key points from literature Each of the four articles that are summarized in the above sections highlight a common goal of successful resolution of conflicts. The first and the second articles highlight the positive impacts of conflicts. These include the openness of decisions, exploration of various other options, clarity in communication, and increased sense of coherence among the employees. However, the other two articles highlight the various ways conflicts could be resolved successfully. The strategies that could be used in order to resolve the conflicts successfully includes conciliation, consultation, arbitration, mediation, confrontation, forcing, smoothing, avoidance, as well as ensuring positive relation among the employees. Practical implications for managers The managers could benefit from the conflict resolution skills that are discussed in the above-mentioned four articles. Conflicts are common in any business organization. The managers have to be skilled enough to ensure the successful conflict management. The managers need to have the patience of understanding the outlook of both the parties involved in a conflict, before taking a final decision. Moreover, it is essential that the managers are efficient enough to resolves the conflicts as soon as they occur (Kiitam et al. 2016). The various types of conflicts that might occur in any business organization are to be learned by the managers, along with learning the best ways to mitigate those conflicts successfully. The causes of the conflicts are to be understood by the manager, before they attempt to solve it (Mayer and Louw 2009). It is important that the managers are not biased while they take decisions. It is essential that conflict resolution skills are developed by the managers i n order to ensure successful conflict resolution in the business organization. Reflection on learning about this topic from articles and lectures The lesson of conflict management is an important one, in the context of organizational behaviour and management. I have understood the importance of conflict management in the business organizations. I have learned that conflicts do not have negative effects only. There are various positive effects of conflicts among the teams as well. The positive effects include the incorporation of new ideas, along with realisation of the need for communication. I have realised that the goals have to be set clearly, such that conflicts among the teams working on it could be reduced. Moreover, prolonged conflicts might give rise to lack of cooperation among the various employees (Stevahn and King 2005). This delays the successful completion of the organizational goals. Thus, it is essential that the managers develop conflict resolution skills successfully in order to ensure the conflicts being resolved effectively in the organization (Stevahn and King 2005). I can use these skills of conflict mana gement in my career to ensure the successful resolution of conflicts that occur in the business organizations. I have learned to understand how the conflicts that have been occurring in the business organization could be resolved tactfully. Thus, this lesson has been an effective one in my life and future career. Conclusion This report highlights the importance of conflict resolution along with shedding light upon the various causes of conflicts that occurs in any business organizations. The first two articles highlight the fact that conflicts have positive effects, along with certain destructive effects. The positive effects of conflicts include exposure to new ideas, along with understanding the opinion of the other party in the conflict. However, the other two journals highlight the importance of effective conflict resolution, such that the organizational goals could be fulfilled successfully. Early mitigation of conflicts results in effective fulfilment of the organizational goals. References Jiang, J.J., Chang, J.Y., Chen, H.G., Wang, E.T. and Klein, G., 2014. Achieving IT program goals with integrative conflict management. Journal of Management Information Systems, 31(1), pp.79-106. Kiitam, A., McLay, A. and Pilli, T. (2016). Managing conflict in organisational change. International Journal of Agile Systems and Management, 9(2), p.114. Mayer, C. and Louw, L. (2009). Organisational conflict: Reflections on managing conflict, identities and values in a selected South African organisation. SA Journal of Human Resource Management, 7(1). Stevahn, L. and King, J. (2005). Managing Conflict Constructively in Program Evaluation. Evaluation, 11(4), pp.415-427. Thakore, D., 2013. Conflict and Conflict Management. IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM), 8(6). Available at: https://iosrjournals.org/iosr-jbm/papers/Vol8-issue6/B0860716.pdf Tjosvold, D., Wong, A. and Feng Chen, N. (2014). Constructively Managing Conflicts in Organizations. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 1(1), pp.545-568. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261181240_Constructively_Managing_Conflicts_in_Organizations?enrichId=rgreq-e92a038c-a13b-46bb-9589-625c478c5f76enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI2MTE4MTI0MDtBUzo5OTYxMDEzNTYyOTgyNUAxNDAwNzYwMzE1MTE5el=1_x_3 Understanding Conflict Management And Resolution In Scotts Garments Ltd. (2015). ELK Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resource Management and Organisational Behaviour.

The Maze Runner Reading Response Essay Example

The Maze Runner Reading Response Essay The Maze Runner is a novel written by James Dashner and describes the ideas of freedom and confinement through the characters within the book. The story shows how a group of people called ‘Gladers† are manipulated and controlled within an inescapable maze. After a year of living within the maze, they manage to create a safe environment in which their people can live in. To reach this, they had to set certain rules to prevent chaos from erupting and maintaining order. These are key themes in this novel that eventually lead to freedom as a result of this peace. When they first started out, they were lost and unaware of their purpose until one boy, Thomas,lead them down an unknown path which lead them to the truth theyd been looking for. Unfortunately, in doing so, he created a sense of fear from within the gladers which brought the story to an ugly end with many dying but eventually the discovery of the exit. Throughout the novel, a key theme that caught my attention was the idea of manipulation. This was portrayed as a negative aspect in the book from the gladers point of view as it was what was keeping them trapped and confined. Although they knew very little about the people who captured them, it caused them create the idea that they were bad. In the end, you discover how this was the wrong assumption and that it was all one big lie. This portrays how powerful manipulation can be and that it is a power that only very few can play with. This relates to the real world with how social media is impacting all of our daily lives. We seem to follow what we see on social media as it is what is portrayed as the right way to live without using our own minds. We also dont question and change what the â€Å"ideal person† that the online world and society is creating is because it would be thought of as incorrect unless you are somebody famous who has the ability to do so. An example of thi s is with our role models such as famous actors We will write a custom essay sample on The Maze Runner Reading Response specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Maze Runner Reading Response specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Maze Runner Reading Response specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

guy tim essays

guy tim essays Prof. Squires Portfolio Entry 1 I expect my school to help to the full extent to help me to reach my educational goals to the best of my ability. The professors, counselors, and other faculty should make themselves accessible for the student and not feel bothered if a student comes to them looking for help. The school should present information in a timely fashion and keep the students informed of changes and developments of the school. Professors and services should be understanding and be sensitive to the fact that these days students have more things on their minds including school. The faculty should try to make sure that all services are running smoothly and quickly and provide the needed help to students. What My School Should Expect from Me My school should expect me to be a dedicated student whose goal is to excel at his schoolwork. My school also should expect me to be a person that will try his best in all of his work, and even though I know that I have some pitfalls in my work, that I am not out trying to fail. My professors should expect me to be a respectful person but not a person that will be run over or to respectful not to question something that I feel needs attention. The school itself should expect me to be a student that likes to be involved and if there is a function I will try my best to be there and lend a hand or support. If I know that all of my expectations are being met and I know that I am working to the best of my ability I know that I will have a successful college career ahead of me. I have a good skill level of defining my reading purpose. At the moment I do not have any special things that I do to improve my ability to define my reading purpose but I could start to work on the area a little. To help to improve my reading ability I have set a goal to try to read out of a book of poems once a week and try to define the meaning of the poem. For a yearlong goal I would like...

Surviving Infancy in the Middle Ages

Surviving Infancy in the Middle Ages When we think about daily life in the Middle Ages, we cannot ignore the death rate that, compared to that of modern times, was horrendously high. This was particularly true for children, who have always been more susceptible to disease than adults. Some might be tempted to see this high rate of mortality as indicative of either an inability of parents to provide proper care for their children or a lack of interest in their welfare. As we shall see, neither supposition is supported by the facts. Life for the Infant Folklore has it that the medieval child spent his first year or so wrapped in swaddling, stuck in a cradle, and virtually ignored. This raises the question of how thick-skinned the average medieval parent had to be in order to disregard the persistent cries of hungry, wet and lonely babies. The reality of medieval infant care is a trifle more complex. Swaddling In cultures such as England in the High Middle Ages, babies were often swaddled, theoretically to help their arms and legs grow straight. Swaddling involved wrapping the infant in linen strips with his legs together and his arms close to his body. This, of course, immobilized him and made him much easier to keep out of trouble. But infants were not swaddled continuously. They were changed regularly and released from their bonds to crawl around. The swaddling might come off altogether when the child was old enough to sit up on his own. Furthermore, swaddling was not necessarily the norm in all medieval cultures. Gerald of Wales remarked that Irish children were never swaddled, and seemed to grow strong and handsome just the same. Whether swaddled or not, the infant probably spent much of its time in the cradle when it was home. Busy peasant mothers might tie unswaddled babies into the cradle, allowing them to move within it but keeping them from crawling into trouble. But mothers often carried their babies about in their arms on their errands outside the home. Infants were even to be found near their parents as they labored in the fields at the busiest harvest times, on the ground or secured in a tree. Babies who were not swaddled were very often simply naked or wrapped in blankets against the cold. They may have been clad in simple gowns. There is little evidence for any other clothing, and since the child would quickly outgrow anything sewn especially for it, a variety of baby clothing was not an economic feasibility in poorer homes. Feeding An infants mother was ordinarily its primary caregiver, particularly in poorer families. Other family members might assist, but the mother usually fed the child since she was physically equipped for it. Peasants didnt often have the luxury of hiring a full-time nurse, although if the mother died or was too ill to nurse the baby herself, a wet nurse could often be found. Even in households that could afford to hire a wet nurse, it was not unknown for mothers to nurse their children themselves, which was a practice encouraged by the Church. Medieval parents sometimes found alternatives to breastfeeding their children, but there is no evidence that this was a common occurrence. Rather, families resorted to such ingenuity when the mother was dead or too ill to breastfeed, and when no wet nurse could be found. Alternate methods of feeding the child included soaking bread in milk for the child to ingest, soaking a rag in milk for the child to suckle, or pouring milk into his mouth from a horn. All were more difficult for a mother than simply putting a child to her breast, and it would appear that- in less affluent homes- if a mother could nurse her child, she did. However, among the nobility and wealthier town folk, wet nurses were quite common and frequently stayed on once the infant was weaned to care for him through his early childhood years. This presents the picture of a medieval yuppie syndrome, where parents lose touch with their offspring in favor of banquets, tourneys, and court intrigue, and someone else raises their child. This may indeed have been the case in some families, but parents could and did take an active interest in the welfare and daily activities of their children. They were also known to take great care in choosing the nurse and treated her well for the ultimate benefit of the child. Tenderness Whether a child received its food and care from its own mother or a nurse, it is difficult to make a case for a lack of tenderness between the two. Today, mothers report that nursing their children is a highly satisfying emotional experience. It seems unreasonable to assume that only modern mothers feel a biological bond that in more likelihood has occurred for thousands of years. It was observed that a nurse took the place of the mother in many respects, and this included providing affection to the baby in her charge. Bartholomaeus Anglicus described the activities nurses commonly performed: consoling children when they fell or were sick, bathing and anointing them, singing them to sleep, even chewing meat for them. Evidently, there is no reason to assume the average medieval child suffered for lack of affection, even if there was a reason to believe his fragile life would not last a year. Child Mortality Death came in many guises for the littlest members of medieval society. With the invention of the microscope centuries in the future, there was no understanding of germs as the cause of disease. There were also no antibiotics or vaccines. Diseases that a shot or a tablet can eradicate today claimed all too many young lives in the Middle Ages. If for whatever reason a baby could not be nursed, his chances of contracting illness increased; this was due to the unsanitary methods devised for getting food into him and the lack of beneficial breast milk to help him fight disease. Children succumbed to other dangers. In cultures that practiced swaddling infants or tying them into a cradle to keep them out of trouble, babies were known to die in fires when they were so confined. Parents were warned not to sleep with their infant children for fear of overlaying and smothering them. Once a child attained mobility, danger from accidents increased. Adventurous toddlers fell down wells and into ponds and streams, tumbled down stairs or into fires, and even crawled out into the street to be crushed by a passing cart. Unexpected accidents could befall even the most carefully watched toddler if the mother or nurse was distracted for only a few minutes; it was impossible, after all, to baby-proof the medieval household. Peasant mothers who had their hands full with myriad daily chores were sometimes unable to keep a constant watch on their offspring, and it was not unknown for them to leave their infants or toddlers unattended. Court records illustrate that this practice was not very common and met with disapproval in the community at large,  but negligence was not a crime with which distraught parents were charged when they had lost a child. Faced with a lack of accurate statistics, any figures representing mortality rates can only be estimates. It is true that for some medieval villages, surviving court records provide data concerning the number of children who died in accidents or under suspicious circumstances in a given time. However, since birth records were private, the number of children who survived is unavailable, and without a total, an accurate percentage cannot be determined. The highest  estimated  percentage I have encountered is a 50% death rate, although 30% is the more common figure. These figures include the high number of infants who died within days after birth from little-understood and wholly unpreventable illnesses that modern science has thankfully overcome. It has been proposed that in a society with a high child mortality rate, parents made no emotional investment in their children. This assumption is belied by the accounts of devastated mothers being counseled by priests to have courage and faith upon losing a child. One mother is said to have gone insane when her child died.  Affection and attachment were obviously present, at least among some members of medieval society. Furthermore, it strikes  a false  note to imbue the medieval parent with a deliberate calculation of his childs chances of survival. How much did a farmer and his wife think about survival rates when they held their gurgling baby in their arms? A hopeful mother and father can pray that, with luck or fate or the favor of God, their child would be one of at least half of the children born that year who would grow and thrive. There is also an assumption that the high death rate is due in part to infanticide. This is another misconception that should be addressed.   Infanticide The notion that infanticide was rampant in the  Middle Ages  has been used to bolster the equally erroneous concept that medieval families had no affection for their children. A dark and dreadful picture has been painted of thousands of unwanted  babies  suffering horrible fates at the hands of remorseless and cold-hearted parents. There is absolutely no evidence to support such carnage. That infanticide did exist is true; alas, it still takes place today. But the attitudes toward its practice are really the question, as is its frequency. To understand infanticide in the Middle Ages, it is important to examine its history in European society. In the  Roman Empire  and among some Barbarian tribes, infanticide was an accepted  practice. A newborn would be placed before its father; if he picked the child up, it would be considered a member of the family and its life would begin. However, if the family was on the edge of starvation, if the child was deformed, or if the father had any other reasons not to accept it, the infant would be abandoned to die of exposure, with rescue a real, if not always likely, possibility. Perhaps the most significant aspect of this procedure is that life for the child began  once it was accepted.  If the child was not accepted, it was essentially treated as if it had never been born. In non-Judeo-Christian societies, the immortal soul (if individuals were considered to  possess  one) was not necessarily considered to reside in a child from the moment of its conception. Therefore, infanticide was not regarded as murder. Whatever we might think today of this custom, the people of these ancient societies had what they considered to be sound reasons for performing infanticide. The fact that infants were occasionally abandoned or killed at birth apparently did not interfere with the ability of parents and siblings to love and cherish a newborn once it had been accepted as part of the family. In the fourth century, Christianity became the official religion of the Empire, and many Barbarian tribes had begun to convert, as well. Under the influence of the Christian Church, which saw the practice as a sin, Western European attitudes towards infanticide began to change. More and more children were baptized shortly after birth, giving the child an identity and a place in the community, and making the prospect of deliberately killing him an altogether different matter. This does not mean that infanticide was eradicated overnight throughout Europe. But, as was often the case with Christian influence, over time ethical outlooks altered, and the idea of killing an unwanted infant was more commonly viewed as horrific. As with most aspects of western culture, the Middle Ages served as a transition period between ancient societies and that of the modern world. Without hard  data, it is difficult to say just how quickly society and family attitudes towards infanticide changed in any given geographical area or among any particular cultural group. But change they did, as can be seen from the fact that infanticide was against the law in Christian European communities. Furthermore, by the late Middle  Ages,  the concept of infanticide was distasteful enough that the false accusation of the act was regarded as a salacious slander. While infanticide did persist, there is no evidence to support widespread, let alone rampant, practice. In Barbara Hanawalts examination of more than 4,000 homicide cases from medieval English court records, she found only three cases of infanticide.  While there may have been (and probably were) secret pregnancies and clandestine infant deaths, we have no evidence available to judge their frequency. We cannot assume they  never  happened, but we also cannot assume they happened on a regular basis. What is known is that no folkloric rationalization exists to justify the  practice and that folk tales dealing with the subject were cautionary in nature, with tragic consequences befalling characters that killed their babies. It seems fairly reasonable to conclude that medieval  society, on the whole, regarded infanticide as a horrible act. The killing of unwanted infants  was, therefore, the exception, not the rule, and cannot be regarded as evidence of widespread indifference towards children from their parents. Sources Gies, Frances, and Gies, Joseph, Marriage and the Family in the Middle Ages (Harper Row, 1987). Hanawalt, Barbara, The Ties that Bound: Peasant Families in Medieval England (Oxford University Press, 1986). Hanawalt, Barbara,  Growing Up in Medieval London  (Oxford University Press, 1993).

Exam questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Exam questions - Essay Example If the right is bought, it is called a long call; if the right is sold, it is called a short call. An option that gives the right in due course make a sale at a predetermined price is called a "put" option. If the right is bought, it is called a long put; if the right is sold, it is called a short put. i) Flexibility - Options are an extremely flexible tool. Options can be bought or sold in many different combinations for many different investment opportunities (i.e. Stocks, indices) . This allows for an investor to take advantage of varied market conditions available at a time. Options can be traded to address rising or declining markets, quiet markets or volatile markets with uncertain price directions. ii) Increased trading opportunities – There are a great number of strategies that can be adopted while trading options. These create additional profit and risk management opportunities for traders thus an increase in returns. iii) Limited risk with unlimited profits – If one buys a call option, they benefit from unlimited profit potential as the stock moves higher while the investor who buys a put option, has the benefit of unlimited profit potential as the stock moves lower. Index options are financial derivatives that give the possessor the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell a basket of stocks, such as the Nasdaq – 100 index options, at an agreed-upon price and before a certain date. An index option is comparable to other options contracts, the difference being the underlying instruments are indexes. One may use index options to hedge when there is need to protect the value of the portfolio of mixed stocks in case of a market decline. Index puts are utilised in this instance. Index puts are generally used to protect unrealised profits stemming from an investor’s portfolio. There may be various classes of options that are available

Financial Reporting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Financial Reporting - Essay Example In that sense, â€Å"financial accounting reflects, mirrors, represents, or measures this pre-existent economic reality† (Hines 1991:316). On the other hand, the Conceptual Framework is criticised â€Å"for not fulfilling its functional objectives, principally that of providing a basis for guiding standard-setting and resolving accounting controversies† (Hines, 1991:313). The purpose of the essay is to provide a critical overview of the conceptual framework and to analyze why it is criticized for not fulfilling its functional objectives as discussed above. This paper is organized as follows. The remainder of this paper is structured in the following way: Section 2 provides a general overview of the Conceptual Framework and its development; Section 3 provides a critical discussion of the concepts identified in previous section; Section 4 is concluding part of the essay. The Conceptual Framework is a tool which â€Å"sets out the concepts that underlie the preparation and presentation of financial statements† (Ifrs.com, 2014, n.p.). This tool is used by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) for developing and updating/revising International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs) (Ifrs.com, 2014, n.p.). The main objective of the Conceptual Framework is to help users in developing, revising, interpreting and understanding the IFRSs (Hoogervorst, Clark & Knubley, 2014). The Conceptual framework was initially established in the late 1970’s and early 1980’s in the USA (Pike & Chui, 2012). CF served as a foundation for accounting standards with identification of key principles and a set of qualitative characteristics (Pike & Chui, 2012). The first product produced by the CF project was the concepts statement on the objectives of financial reporting (Solomons, 1986). CF was aimed to be a set of prescriptive principles that would guide board members in standards’ setting and practitioners in problem solving processes (Hines,

Happiness and Helplessness Essay Example for Free

Happiness and Helplessness Essay Different procedures: classical conditioning and then punishment †¢because using dogs in experiment, noticed that if dogs had been through classical conditioning experiments, could not be used in avoidance experiments obut adverse for the opposite (avoidance exp dogs 1st could learn very quickly in the classical conditioning exp second) †¢tripartite designoone dogs put into harness and nothing done to them (control) oanother set with shocks done to back legs but had nose plate to turn off shock (controllable shock emission escape) o(yoked control) had nose plate that could not turn off shock †¢took dogs off of harness and tried to train them in avoiding shock †¢yoked control could not learn to escape an aversion condition †¢failure of contiguity and contingency interference effect †¢trans-situationalilty †¢stress vs controllability oprior exp with control effect of signal event. †¢Other observations oappetitive learning, anxiety, depressive like state †¢Seligman, maier, and solomon’s theory of learned helplessness oMotivational, cognitive, emotional aspects Why so important about learned helplessness? †¢A role for contingency and not mere contiguity in learning †¢A role of cognitions in learning, behavior and motivation †¢Its link to depression (exposure to uncontrollable or unescapable stress causes a depressive state) Contingency learning †¢Contingencies oIf and only if x, then y (y dependent on x) †¢To determine a contingency we need to know two bits of info oProbability that Y will occur after x p(y/x) oProbability that y will occur in the absence of x, p(y/no x) †¢Contingency is oDelta p = p(y/x)-p(y/no x) †¢Doe sour behavior cause some consequence Experience of control †¢People report a subjective feeling of control if oPositive relation between response r and consequence C (behavior can include c) oNegative relation between response R and consequence c (behavior can inhibit C) †¢Learned helplessness when:  ono relationship between R and C theory of learned helplessness †¢learned helpless = experience with non contingency interferes with learning about contingencies depression †¢attempt to link LH with depression osimilar surface characteristic osimilar neurochemistry †¢hopelessness depression ois neg event important and stable oare consequences important and stable odoes it effect self-esteem †¢depressive realism oput people i n exp does behavior cause certain type of event ohow much control of blowing up tank was their fault –  omost people are delusion about the actual amount of control their actions have – while depressive people have more realistic point of view results †¢residents self report oincrease in happiness, activity †¢interview reported increased alertness †¢nurses rated increases in ogeneral health otime visiting other patients other people talking to staff omore involvement in activities oless time in passive activities olived longer the pursuit of happiness †¢state vs trait happiness opleasure of the moment osubjective well being †¢what causes happiness oAristotle. Hedonia (pleasure) †¢Eudaimonia (a life well-lived) Some of us are born happy †¢Strong genetic contribution to happiness oIdentical twins are more similar in happiness than fraternal twins oEven those raised in different families (via adoption) Happy events make us happy †¢Pleasant things happen just as often to happy people as unhappy people †¢And unpleasant things happy to happy people just as often †¢Older people have fewer happy event (because they’re less active) but get more pleasure from each one †¢How to measure happiness: simple polls, and reflections Set-point theory of happiness †¢Our disposition determines our happiness †¢Happiness is largely a stable internal trait oLong tern adult happiness is stable around a set point depending on genetic factors and personality traits molded Economists disagree †¢Classis economic theory argues that ind are motivated to maximize their utility (satisfaction) †¢A descendent of the utilitarianism theory of john mill oGreta happiness principle †¢One must always act so to produce the greatest happiness for the greatest Money makes us happy †¢Richer people are happy, but only to a certain point †¢Material lives keep increasing, but happiness does not increase at same rate What doesn’t greater income produce significantly greater happiness? †¢Ther perception of well-being oNot how well am I doing oBut how well am I doing compared to my peers †¢Also depends on expectation of income oPeople are more sensitive to perceived losses than gains †¢But if you factor in wealth and consumption patterns it starts to account for more data Bhutan Attributional styles †¢Why do some people exp uncontrollable stressors but not develop learned helplessness? †¢Why do some people derive more satisfaction from success or happy experiences?  oImportant how they are treated It’s not whether you have a life of pleasant events its how you attribute those events †¢Internal vs external oWere you or others to blame †¢Global vs specific oDoes it happen everywhere or just here †¢Permanent or temporary oDoes it always happen or just now †¢A bramson, Seligman, Teasdale (1978) Modern positive psychology †¢Martin Seligman †¢Using modern psychological research oPleasure oEngagement (benefit of immersing in a primary activity) oMeaning and affiliation (pleasure of belonging to a group or cause) †¢What makes a happy life. oGerman socioeconomic panal †¢Found that ind well being can change considerably in their lives †¢Against set point theory oWhat were the factors that can influence whether a person becomes more or less happy for long periods of time? †¢Be extroverted, not neurotic †¢High priority for humanitarian, family goals, and low priority for materialistic ones †¢Long term partner (not be neurotic, have high priority for altruistic and family goals) †¢Attend church †¢Don’t work too much, or too little †¢Exercise †¢Participate in social activities †¢Don’t be fat

The Relation between Dostoevsky and the Characters of The Brothers Kara

The Relation between Dostoevsky and the Characters of  The Brothers Karamazov "I'd die happy if I could finish this final novel, for I would have expressed myself completely."   This statement from the author of "The Brothers Karamazov" helps elucidate the underlying purpose and theme of one of the greatest masterpieces of world literature. Superficially, the novel deals with a horrifying parricide and how the supporting characters devised direct and indirect circumstances leading to the murder. Yet, the book delves deep into the human psyche and the soul--notably that of the author himself. The novel, as inferred from the aforementioned personal statement, may best be described as an autobiography of Dostoevsky filled with his beliefs, values, theories, and insights on a bestial world. Through the main characters-Ivan, Alyosha, Dmitri, Father Zosima, and Smerdyakov--one can perceive the different sides of Dostoevsky himself, good and evil. Not only does one see his characteristics through the protagonists and antagonists of the novel, but also his beliefs concerning life, religion, and love. Among his personal beliefs integrated with his fictitious characters include: faith in love over faith in miracles, the importance of suffering as a means of salvation, and the importance of the Russian "folk" and children in the coming 20th century. But despite Dostoevsky's overbearing presence in his masterpiece, one variable inevitably affects all of his characters as well as the entire living world--death. Thus, through the novel, he introduces us into his tormented mind and sou l, hoping to influence future generations in his beliefs of a better mankind, unafraid of the spectre of death that will crush the cowardly but unharm the s... ... see the soul of a man who carried vengeance in his heart, yet maintained a love for mankind characteristic of the biblical Job, whose suffering only brought more sympathy and blessings in the eyes of God. On an ironic note, Dostoevsky presented Alyosha Karamazov as a young man who would instill the love and spirituality to the innocent children needed to turn the backward country of Russia into a global power. These children did indeed change Russia 30 years later, not as spiritual lovers but as violent rebels in a communist revolution. They sought to free the peasants and laborers by theory, but in reality created a totalitarian state more powerful than even Peter the Great could have imagined. Now, the once powerful Russia lies wasted amidst the same poverty it dwelled in one hundred years earlier. Truly an ironic twist to the beliefs of a prophetic man.   

A Review of Fonterra Group’s Strategy and Business Model

Fonterra was formed in the October 2001 merger of the New Zealand Dairy Group (NZDG), Kiwi Cooperative Dairies, and the New Zealand Dairy Board (NZDB). It has become the world’s leading exporter of dairy products, responsible for over a third of international dairy trade. The Group is co-operatively owned by over 10,500 dairy farmers whose products make their way to customers in approximately 140 countries. Fonterra aims for global dairy leadership and its purpose is to sell their farmer shareholders’ milk (Fonterra Co-operative Group, 2011). Analysis of the Dairy Industry using Porter’s Five Forces Porter's first force describes the threat of potential entrants. Barriers to entry and economies of scale are significant for new entrants. However, New Zealand’s deregulated market structure and relatively low cost might attract entrants as a base of export oriented supply and processing. The threat of new entrant is medium (Vallyon, 2003). Porter's second force is bargaining power of buyers. The New Zealand dairy industry exports 95% of the country’s dairy production. Continued consolidation of food manufacturing and retailers has the effect of reducing overall numbers of buyers in the industry and increasing their purchasing power (Vallyon, 2003). Faced with the fact that buyers face few switching costs, it is fair to say that buyers have high bargaining power in the industry. Porter's next force is bargaining power of suppliers. The dairy industry is a seller’s market with global demand exceeding supply. This opens up opportunities for other uprising overseas markets to the industry with suppliers from India, China and Brazil. Fonterra supplies are secured through the co-operatives structure and a significant threat exists if Fonterra fail to make competitive milk payouts to its farmer shareholders (Vallyon, 2003). It is clear that Fonterra suppliers have some bargaining power in the industry. Porter's fourth industry force is the threat of substitute products. Dairy milk is a unique natural product without any artificial substitutes. However there is development of alternatives including soya milks and non-dairy milks such as goat, buffalo and sheep. Danone, Unilever and Coca-cola have also made significant acquisitions or partnerships with organic milk producers. Although a dairy product, organic milk can be considered as a parallel value chain as it requires different knowledge and techniques at each stage of the process (Vallyon, 2003). In this sense, the force is low to medium. Porter’s final force is the intensity of competitive rivalry. As a global leading dairy exporter, Fonterra faces increasing threats as global competitors become aware of its size and influence in the industry. Continued consolidation of industry could see competing dairy resources being merged into larger, more efficient competitors. In the evolution of trade liberalisation, competitors may respond through increasing global growth strategies (Vallyon, 2003). Hence this force is high. Fonterra’s Strategies Fonterra’s business model is a farmer-owned co-operative, widely spread around the vertically integrated New Zealand Dairy Industry. At Fonterra, the goal is to build a business that pays the farmer shareholders the maximum sustainable price for their milk and that maximises profits from the capital invested in the Co-operative (Fonterra Co-operative Group, 2010). To achieve this, Fonterra has three key strategies in becoming the company that is the source of natural dairy nutrition to the world. Firstly they intend to deliver sustainable co-operative performance. With its scale and reach of operations, Fonterra creates enormous logistics complexities. However, when it comes to processing, recent projects like Drier 4 at Edendale (ED4) in Southland are said to be the most efficient milk powder unit in the world. Likewise, in order to optimise the supply chain at home so to deliver product to their customers as efficiently as possible, Fonterra expanded a key cool and dry store logistics hub that has taken more than 50,000 truck movements off local roads and has largely eliminated the need for contracted storage around the Waikato (Fonterra Co-operative Group, 2010). This is working alongside with the enhanced use of rails to move products around the country. Then elsewhere, the Group has also taken its development online with the launch of globalDairyTrade (gDT), an internet-based auction platform through which sellers offer to sell commodity dairy products (Q&As: globalDairyTrade Information Portal, 2011). In 2010 gDT has sold 359,000 metric tonnes on the platform (Fonterra Co-operative Group, 2010). Fonterra’s second strategic goal is to build trusted brands in chosen markets. Fonterra has a strategy to strengthen their positions in key regional markets where ownership of the supply chain gives a degree of competitive advantage (Fonterra Co-operative Group, 2010). The focus has been on high growth markets within Asia/Africa/Middle East (Asia/AME) and Latin America, and the existing strong market franchises in ANZ. Anlene provides a great insight to Fonterra’s brand strategy at work. Created in Asia in 1991 to support bone health, Anlene is now the clear number one high-calcium milk brand across Asia. Priced at 30-50% above regular milks, Anlene is a trusted premium brand in the Asia market, which has an expanding middle class that is caring more about healthy nutrition for the whole family (Fonterra Co-operative Group, 2010). Additionally, Fonterra has continually restructured their investment portfolio to ensure they can capitalise on the most promising market opportunities. To support its expansion in Africa and the Middle East, they have purchased the remaining 51 per cent stake in Saudi New Zealand Milk Products (SNZMP), a dairy manufacturing facility in Saudi Arabia, has secured manufacturing capacity to support growth plans in the Middle East. Currently packing Anchor and Anlene milk powders and producing processed cheese, SNZMP supplies 20 countries in the region (Fonterra Co-operative Group, 2010). The third strategy Fonterra have adopted is to grow lasting customer partnership with the world’s leading food and nutritional companies. The company looks to improve their ability to source and add value to dairy supply so to strengthen their position as the supplier of choice from around the world. In order to achieve it, they have focused on developing customer partnerships in premium ingredients and in foodservice solutions. Premium ingredients are products that are more advanced than standard dairy ingredients. Examples are nutritional bases for infant formula and growing-up milk powders (Fonterra Co-operative Group, 2010). Fonterra is already the preferred supplier of all five of the world’s largest infant formula companies with stronger demand from their customers to partner them. Key customers have strong growth ambitions and they are looking to Fonterra as a preferred source of high-quality paediatric nutrition products. A premium ingredients category with exciting prospects is pharmaceutical lactose, with Fonterra a world leader in lactose excipients through their joint venture with RoyalFrieslandCampina which develops, produces and markets high quality lactose used in the pharmaceutical, nutrition and food industries (Fonterra Co-operative Group, 2010).

Domains Of Culture Essay

1. When you think about the origins of Religion and Spirituality in American culture, a lot of different ideas, stories or parables come to mind. But one question is hardly ever asked or even thought of. Does American culture have a religion? More to the point, is there a religion that can solely be sourced to origins on American soil? The answer is yes. Both Mormonism and Scientology have roots deeply planted in American culture. However, around 25,000 Americans practice Scientology and an estimated 6.1 Million Americans practice Mormonism. That makes up 1.8% of Americans, in addition to that most Americans don’t recognize Scientology as a real religion and Mormonism falls under the Christianity branch of belief. So what ideas are truly native the country. I believe you must add Native American Spirituality to this argument as a source of religion truly sourced and founded in America as it is still practiced by a vast majority of living Native Americans. But in order to get t o that we must first talk about the origins of Christianity as it stands with Americans today. 2. As it is true that Christianity is the most prevalent religion in America, It is also true that Christianity was brought to this soil with the first settlers. In England you had two choices for worship, The Roman Catholic Church and The Church of England. Both Christian churches, and theses settlers knew nothing but that so it comes to no surprise that those are the two major influences on American religion and spirituality. It should also be noted that those settlers wanted to distance themselves from England’s brand of religion so badly that the First Amendment of the Constitution explicitly lays out the separation of Church and State1. Christianity then splintered off into the various denominations that we have today, yet all of those styles still have the same foundation that can be traced back to Rome or England. Native Americans on the other hand don’t have those same beliefs. While Christianity focuses on a One true Higher Power, Native Americans look more to selection of Spiritual figures known as Deities. 3. Native American culture focuses more on the Earth, Weather, Sky and Sprits who manifest physical form as Deities. Depending on the culture these beings can be attributed to almost everything that is possible or could be possible. In most Native American Cultures there is  always one deity that creates man but, they are not always benevolent. The Abenaki and the Algonquian tribes believe that life was created out wood, stone and other earthly elements by Tabaldak so that the earth could be full. If you follow the Navajo the Earth itself was created by AsdzÄ…Ì Ã„…Ì  Nà ¡dleehà ©, she was also responsible for the stars and sky2. So who is right and who is wrong? No one can say. Most of these deities are created in myths and stories passed down from generation to generation. But the message is the same across the tribes, Give thanks for what we have for it is not always promised. Now that we have an idea as how Native American Culture sees religion, let’s see if matches up with how American Culture sees it. 4. In Conclusion, we have seen how the most prevalent form of spirituality in American in not was actually brought in from England. That religion lays out the idea of a Supreme God who commands from Heaven and is omnipotent. While the Native American Culture has its religious and spiritual roots found on American soil. They champion multiple deities who are responsible everything from creation to the basic things like food and water. The one thing they both have in common is you are expected to be a good wholesome person or you will be judged for you actions. In the afterlife for the Christians or when you just so happen to come across whatever deity you have offended with the Native American Culture. So no matter what you happen to believe in remember to be a good person and be ready to be responsible for your actions. 1 United States History website, http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h3787.html 2 Wheelwright, Mary C. (2008) [1942]. Navajo Creation Myth: The Story of the Emergence. Forgotten Books. p.17

Free Essays on Childhood Depression

Childhood Depression Childhood depression is a major issue in America. It is an issue that should not be taken lightly and any child that is experiencing symptoms of depression should be treated or helped in any way possible. Here are three articles that I read that gave me more information and insight on this childhood illness. The diagnostic criteria and key defining features of major depressive disorders in children are the same as the are for adults. However, recognition and diagnosis of the disorders may be more difficult in youth for several reasons. The way that symptoms are expressed varies in youngsters. In addition, children and young adolescents with depression may have difficulty in properly identifying and describing their internal emotions or moods. For example, instead of communicating how bad they feel, they may act out and be irritable towards others, which may be interpreted simply as misbehavior or disobedience. Some signs that may be associated with depression in children include frequent vague, non-specified physical complaints such as headaches, muscle aches, stomach aches, or tiredness. Also, frequent absence from school or poor performance in school, talks of efforts to run away from home, outbursts of shouting, complaining, unexplained irritability or crying, being bored, lack of interest in playing with friends, alcohol or substance abuse, social isolation, poor communication, fear of death, extreme sensitivity to rejection or failure, increased irritability, anger, hostility, reckless behavior, and lastly, difficulty with relationships. In this article that I read, depression relates to a child’s cognitive development. If a child is missing school or concentrating on other issues during class time, they won’t be able to develop intellectually. Also, their physical development can be effected if they are depressed and expressing reckless behavior or experimenting with drugs and or alcoho... Free Essays on Childhood Depression Free Essays on Childhood Depression Childhood Depression Childhood depression is a major issue in America. It is an issue that should not be taken lightly and any child that is experiencing symptoms of depression should be treated or helped in any way possible. Here are three articles that I read that gave me more information and insight on this childhood illness. The diagnostic criteria and key defining features of major depressive disorders in children are the same as the are for adults. However, recognition and diagnosis of the disorders may be more difficult in youth for several reasons. The way that symptoms are expressed varies in youngsters. In addition, children and young adolescents with depression may have difficulty in properly identifying and describing their internal emotions or moods. For example, instead of communicating how bad they feel, they may act out and be irritable towards others, which may be interpreted simply as misbehavior or disobedience. Some signs that may be associated with depression in children include frequent vague, non-specified physical complaints such as headaches, muscle aches, stomach aches, or tiredness. Also, frequent absence from school or poor performance in school, talks of efforts to run away from home, outbursts of shouting, complaining, unexplained irritability or crying, being bored, lack of interest in playing with friends, alcohol or substance abuse, social isolation, poor communication, fear of death, extreme sensitivity to rejection or failure, increased irritability, anger, hostility, reckless behavior, and lastly, difficulty with relationships. In this article that I read, depression relates to a child’s cognitive development. If a child is missing school or concentrating on other issues during class time, they won’t be able to develop intellectually. Also, their physical development can be effected if they are depressed and expressing reckless behavior or experimenting with drugs and or alcoho...

An Explanation of Acid Mine Drainage

An Explanation of Acid Mine Drainage In a nutshell, acid mine drainage is a form of water pollution that happens when rain, runoff, or streams come in contact with rock that is rich in sulfur. As a result, the water becomes very acidic and damages downstream aquatic ecosystems. In some regions, it is the most common form of stream and river pollution. Sulfur-bearing rock, especially one type of mineral called pyrite, is routinely fractured or crushed during coal or metal mining operations, and accumulated in piles of mine tailings. Pyrite contains iron sulfide which, when in contact with water, dissociates into sulfuric acid and iron. The sulfuric acid dramatically lowers the pH, and the iron can precipitate and form an orange or red deposit of iron oxide that smothers the bottom of the stream. Other harmful elements like lead, copper, arsenic, or mercury may also be stripped from the rocks by the acidic water, further contaminating the stream. Where Does Acid Mine Drainage Happen? It mostly occurs where mining is done to extract coal or metals from sulfur-bearing rocks. Silver, gold, copper, zinc, and lead are commonly found in association with metal sulfates, so their extraction can cause acid mine drainage. Rainwater or streams become acidified after they run through the mine’s tailings. In hilly terrain, older coal mines were sometimes built so that gravity would drain out water from inside the mine. Long after those mines are closed, acid mine drainage continues to come out and contaminate waters downstream. In the coal mining regions of the eastern United States, over 4,000 miles of stream have been impacted by acid mine drainage. These streams are mostly located in Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Ohio. In the western U.S., on Forest Service land alone there are over 5,000 miles of affected streams.   In some circumstances, sulfur-bearing rock can be exposed to water in non-mining operations. For example, when construction equipment cuts a path through bedrock to build a road, pyrite can be broken up and exposed to air and water. Many geologists thus prefer the term acid rock drainage, since mining is not always involved. Environmental Effects Drinking water becomes contaminated. Groundwater can be affected, impacting local water wells.Waters with a very low pH can support only severely reduced animal and plant diversity. Fish species are some of the first to disappear. In the most acidic streams, only some specialized bacteria survive.Because of how corrosive it is, acidic stream water damages infrastructure such as culverts, bridges, and stormwater pipes.Any recreational potential (e.g., fishing, swimming) and scenic value for streams or rivers affected by acid mine drainage are greatly reduced.   Solutions Passive treatment of acidic streams can be conducted by routing the water into a purpose-built wetland designed to buffer the low pH. Yet, these systems require complex engineering, regular maintenance, and are applicable only when certain conditions are present.Active treatment options include isolating or treating the waste rock to avoid contact of water with sulfates. Once water has been contaminated, options include pushing it through a permeable reactive barrier that neutralizes the acid or routing it through a specialized wastewater treatment plant. Sources Reclamation Research Group. 2008. Acid Mine Drainage and Effects on Fish Health and Ecology: A Review.U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1994. Acid Mine Drainage Prediction.

The impact and clinical outcome of the preoperative screening Dissertation

The impact and clinical outcome of the preoperative screening investigations in individuals going in for elective surgeries - Dissertation Example This is because, surgery is always associated with some risk for the patient, both due to the procedure and due to the anesthesia administered for the procedure. Whatever be the level of risk, due to medico-legal implications, every anesthetist performs a detailed evaluation of the patient prior to shifting to operating room. Evaluation includes detailed history taking pertaining to the present disease, past diseases, medications that the patient is taking, known allergies to any drugs, family history of any significant health ailments and personal history like drugs, alcohol and smoking. Evaluation also includes review of previous investigations, detailed physical examination and laboratory testing. In many parts of the world there are protocols for routine laboratory testing like complete blood picture, serum electrolytes, BUN and creatinine, liver function tests, urine analysis, chest X-ray and electrocardiogram (Garcia et al, 2003). However, there are reports and more and more st udies are pointing to the fact that these routine investigations have no role in ascertaining fitness for surgery in otherwise healthy individuals posted for elective surgery. The experts are of the opinion that investigations must be considered only on individual basis because; the percentage of abnormal reports from the tests are minimal and even when abnormalities are detected is no change is done in the perioperative management of the surgical patient. Another important aspect of routine testing is that it does not stratify and predict perioperative complications (Narr et al, 1997), thus, defeating the very purpose of preoperative testing. They are also costly and add to health care (Narr et al, 1991). In this review, the impact and clinical outcomes of preoperative screening investigations in otherwise healthy individuals posted for elective surgery will be discussed through review and critical analysis of suitable literature. Aim The main aim of the study is to ascertain the o utcome of routine preoperative testing in otherwise healthy individuals for elective surgeries. Objectives The objectives are to study the impact and outcomes of routine preoperative testing in terms of change in case management based on abnormalities, percentage of abnormalities identified, cost to patient and health care system, iatrogenic injury and to understand guidelines for preoperative testing in healthy subjects. Materials and methods To find pertinent literature studies, the initial literature searches progress was conducted in the various databases, Blackwell-Synergy, CINAHL, CMJA, Cochrane, EMBASE, Health Reference Center Academic, Internures, MD Consult, Mosby’s Nursing Consult, Proquest5000 and ScienceDirect. It was found that numerous articles were available. In order to further analyse manageable number of the quality and acceptability of the research articles, inclusion criteria were conducted in the following search strategy. The applicable key terms were co mbined with using thesaurus, truncation, Boolean operators and other limit, such as a language, subject fields of journal and years of publication in the search strategy. For example, â€Å"preoperative†, â€Å"preop†, or â€Å"screening for surgery† combined with â€Å"investigations†, â€Å"laboratory tests†, â€Å"tests†, or â€Å"assessment† as title and text words were utilised in the search strategy. Also, it includes studies published from 1985 to 2011, health, medicine and nursing fields and English language articles. Thus, several relevant

Learning protfolio Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Learning protfolio - Essay Example The three components that influence this include are the intellectual; the physical; and the emotional or motivational. The validation of this concept owes to the fact that I have always looked forward to know the reasons why some employees or even companies become rivals in work related settings, which answers my question that cultural intelligence exist within the body, the heart, and the head. In depth, communication is a key factor in realizing any objective, especially in long-term missions. Cross-cultural communication is an important factor in companies that need to have an edge over their competitors (Peterson, 2004). On the other hand, my research shows that both cultural intelligence and emotional intelligence have a strong coalition since they both work together to apply to the social affairs amongst individuals as well as their significance to modern establishments. The topic explores the essentiality of different cultural backgrounds versus emotional quotient in an organization and the manner in which they interrelate to find a perfect equilibrium through human perspectives. The focus deals with decision-making actions, the manner of intervening with emotions in management and building capacities for the development of a common resolution that eventually becomes an extra importance in personal associations (Peter & John, 1990). Evidently, an individual that poss esses a high emotional intelligence combined with cultural intelligence makes him or her a rational being and concurrently makes every individual different from another. The topic also illustrates that companies experience cross-cultural behaviours, which are frequently very differentiating. For example, any new employee who joins an organization always takes an opportunity in the first few days, weeks or months to interpret its cultural code. In any big firm, sparring subcultures also tend to encroach in their activities. 3. What

Personality disorders Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Personality disorders - Literature review Example s suffering from personality disorder risk obtaining therapeutic nihilism, distancing themselves from their patients, showing absolute rejection to their patients and they might consider their patients as unworthy of their services and resources. The research practitioner further indicates that the relationship between the professional health practitioners and their respective patients has lead to the ultimate decision of suicide. The health workers who are involved in the care and health administration of the people suffering from personality disorder tend to suffer from deaths that are unnatural particularly if they usually offend and intimidate their patients. The result of ill-treatment and intimidation from the social health workers towards their patient’s causes a break of trust and communication between the two parties and this can lead to uncontrollable despise (Smith & Sharp 1994). This research proposal is aimed at analyzing the differences that exists between the people suffering from personality disorder and the relevant medical practitioners that cater for these patients. From different analysis, it is quite evident that these medical practitioners require adequate encouragement in conjunction with positive empowerment for a proper outcome. This research proposal is also aimed at analyzing the different factors that are supposed to govern, promote and increase the positive attitudes of the social workers in ensuring that proper and sufficient care is given to the people suffering from personality disorder (Rutter, Giller & Hagell 1998). The backbone of this research is to illustrate and analyze the relationship that exists or has been inexistence between the people suffering from personality disorder and their medical advisors and on how the improvement between the two can be attained and achieved (Smith & Sharp 1994). The literature review that is illustrated and analyzed below indicates the occurrence, treatment and relationship status of the

A Successful Tourism Marketing Plan Tourism Essay

A Successful Tourism Marketing Plan Tourism Essay Jamaica is one of the greatest island to visit in the Caribbean. Surrounding Jamaica are other islands such as Cuba, Haiti, and Puerto Rico, but none of them can compare to this land of beauty. This wonderful country is 80 kilometers in width and 234 kilometers in length and contains about 4,300 square miles, making it the third largest island in the Caribbean. Some of the wonderful features that Jamaica posses are: reefs that are filled with natural wild live; beaches that have crystal clear water and white soft sand; a broad coastal plan; and mountains that are filled with greenery. It is important for a country to make people from all around the world be aware of the things it has to offer that cannot be found anywhere else so they are attracted to go there over and over again. Five tools or techniques that could be used by the Jamaica Tourist Board to effectively manage and market a destination such as Jamaica for visitors appeal. Jamaica is marketed using the AIDA principle. This is the process of influencing customer to visit destinations through marketing affords related to the AIDA principle. A- Awareness. I- Create an interest. D- A desire for your product. A- Action These are: Identify target market Market mix (price, place, promotions, products) Incentives Brand Ambassadors Product development 1) Identify target market- This means that the tourist board have to identify a specific target market, for which they are trying to sell their service to. For example, if they are going to target Eco-tourism, families, couples, inclusive tourism, and adventurous people, etc. With this clear objective of knowing who their target is, they can proceed accordingly. In any business, one has to figure out whom, why, what, how their target market is and focus on that group when they are marketing the destination and make it appealing and attractive. 2) Market mix- (price, place, promotions, products, people and planning) Price: make the price match the quality of service that is being offered. For example, the price should reflect on the service, infrastructure and experience. Therefore, it should not be costly to at a low end motel that has poor quality service, old infrastructure, no air condition in the rooms, and hot water available, etc. Place: the place should be easily accessible. As Jamaica being the destination targeted by North Americans, Canadians and Europeans, it can be accessible by land, sea, and air. Also, being cost effective and near proximity to North America, makes it Jamaicas biggest market. This is very important to tourists because they like countries that are easily accessible. Promotions: Jamaica can be marketed by using the above line promotion method- this is used in connection with advertising of the product/ service through the media. This can take the form of advertising via: television, virtual slides on the Internet, magazine, cinema, sales promotions, brochures/ leaflets, as well as public relations showing off what Jamaica has to offer. Products: the Jamaica Tourist Board would have to let the targeted destination know what Jamaica offers and what sets them apart from the other Caribbean countries. The other Caribbean counties also offer land, sea, sun, and resorts. The Jamaica Tourist Board would have to ask the question what makes Jamaica so different, and market it. For example, Jamaica is famous for its culture, known for the Great House of Annie Palmer Estate, Port Royal, Blue Mountain, coral reefs, having over a hundred and eight rivers, the famous Bob Marley king of reggae music and so on. People: the people of Jamaica should be welcoming to the tourist. This in particular employees, and managers of the resort, while maintaining the culture of the organization. Planning: the Jamaica Tourist Board should set clear objectives of what they hope to achieve. Therefore, asking themselves, what are we trying to achieve? For example- cut competition, enhance profits, etc. Incentives- This means a positive motivational influence, a selected hotel that tourist stays at will get appraisal. For example- buy a dinner over x amount and get a free meal; stay for five days in a luxurious suit and get two free night; visit in September to December 1st and get half price on rooms and so on. 3) Brand Ambassadors Using famous people to advertise the Jamaica destination. For example- using Usian Bolt as the face behind tourism. Images will be displayed showing Bolt relaxing, sipping Martinis on the north coast, shirtless, sun-bathing on the white sandy beaches, with the surrounding lush greenery of the mountains highlighted in the background. The image will also include illustrations of Rastafarians splashing in the ocean, shaking their dreads, and with female models passing in their two-piece bath suits, staring at Usian Bolt in awe. 5) Product development- enhances the infrastructure of the destination and the quality of service being offered by training staff in the customer care department. According to an unknown source, It is very important the needs for the destination be the focal point for any plan. This will determine the type of tourism that will be developed. SWOT analysis of the techniques used in question one. SWOT analysis means; S- strength, W- weaknesses, O- opportunity and T- threat Target market/market research- S- You will get to know the needs of your customers, so you know exactly what they want. You do not offer something that does not appeal to them. W- expensive to conduct research. People always know what they want but sometimes they are indecisive. O- Greater market share. T- It takes time and it is costly to do a market research. Market mix- S- People will know about the product. W- It cost money to create awareness about Jamaica and the things it offers. O-people who do not know they want it will buy greater market share. T- Builds expectation in people that the company cannot meet. This leave customer dissatisfied. Incentives- S- Its very attractive to people. W- If not managed properly can increase cost more than customer base and lessen profit. O- Encourage more shares. T- People get incentives without spending. Brand Ambassador- S- Increase attention about Jamaica. W- Only people who like the ambassador will be attracted. O- Increase market share. T- The person (Usian Bolt) personal life affects the company and also lack of money to carry out the activities. Product development- S- Better satisfactions, more customers, more profit. W- Cost. O- Greater market share. T- New developments do not meet customer needs. The value of a Tourism Marketing Plan and the processes involve in developing the plan Tourism Marketing Plan is an outline of a strategy that seeks to maximize the sale of a particular product or service. A Tourism Marketing Plan helps to minimize the risks associated with the launching of a new product, or service that consumers may not have any interest in. However, a Tourism Marketing Plan can be a written document containing a strict description and guide lines for an organization or destination, products, marketing strategies and programs for offering their products and services over the define planning period which is often a year. A successful tourism marketing plan includes Be honest about your market. For example, if you state that your destination has nine miles of beautiful white sand beach on the north coast, make sure when the tourist comes, its not two miles of white sand beach. This means, be honest when youre marketing the destination. Testimonials. For example, all negative and positive testimonials are important. This enables the developer of the destination to enhance the quality of service and make changes where necessary. Therefore making consumer happy while making a profit. Sell your strengths (sell the destination). For example, Jamaica possesses reefs, beaches and extensive coastal plan, surrounding a backbone of mountain traversing the length of the island latitudinal, the king of reggae music the famous Bob Marley, water falls (YS Falls Dunn River Falls), culture, history (the great Port Royal), historical buildings (The Great White House of Annie Palmer), sports (Reggae boyz), Jazz and Blue Festival, night life, Hedonism hotel, etc. Target major efforts to major market. For example North America, Europe, and Canada are Jamaicas major markets. North America is the top market for Jamaica, this is due to the fact it is in close proximity to the island, its cheap and it accessible by sea or air. Therefore, its safe to say that more money can be spent in North America to market the island. Focus on unique attractions. For example the sceneries, town, cities, villages, historical and heritage sites, theme parks, resort and hotels. The value of a Tourism Marketing Plan is how they will (a) develop the country (b) offer quality service to the guest and (c) manage the destination. The country can be developed by collecting more room taxes and departure tax from tourism, give potential investors initiatives to invest in the country, export more and reduce imports, educate the citizens, make business loans at a lower percentage rate and so on. In addition, this will allow the country to grow and eliminate poverty among the citizens. Furthermore, the standard of living will increase. Therefore, with all the taxes the government will be collecting, it will help in the creation of theme parks, attraction, eco-tourism, fixing of infrastructures, such as roads, bridges, buildings, etc. The quality of service offered to guests is very important because tourism is service oriented. The quality of service offered to guest should match the value of their money. For example, you cannot expect the same quality service of high end hotel verses a low end hotel. Nevertheless, whether its a low end hotel or a high end hotel the service should be good because this can reflect either negative or positive attribute on the organization, depending on the service the tourist received. The service attendance should be responsive and attentive to guest needs. Information should also be readily available and accessible for tourist. Entertainment should be accommodating a variety of genre. By managing the destination, there will be more tourists to the island and this will increase revenue for the government. Therefore, if the destination is managed well and promoted properly, there will be an increase of tourist arrival to the island. The tourists should feel safe and comfortable to explore the environs. With safety not an issue, there will be a high level of return visitors to the island. In addition, this will create jobs, reduce poverty, increase the knowledge of the citizens about the importance of tourism to the country, fixing and building of infrastructure, like roads, schools, hospitals, etc. Three processes involve in developing such a plan The three processes are: the mission statement, vision statement and the strategies, theses will be discussed below: Mission statement- The mission statement is aim at creating customer awareness about Jamaica. Increase sales with overseas partners. Increase use of new technologies Target visitors outside normal market Improve communication strategies Increase sales with overseas partners Vision statement- For Jamaica to be the number choice for vacation for all types of people around the world. Strategies- To create awareness of tourism in Jamaica, it would have to be promoted by the Jamaica Tourist Board (JTB). The JTB will inform the tourist/people about the hot spots on the island and market the island by advertising and promotion. The funding will come from the government. The government uses the money that they collect from room taxes, departure taxes and so on, to fund the promotion of the destination. Establish contact with a network of travel advisories to optimize efficiencies in accessing information. The Jamaica Hotel Tourist Association (JHTA) can be used to develop the hospitality industry and to represent the interest of its member in all forums. In conclusion, the value of a tourism marketing plan and the process involved in developing such plans are vital to the destination. Marketing the destination creates awareness, hence resulting in a high number of tourists to the island. The high levels of tourists will create revenue for government, in return will create jobs and alleviate poverty. External players and organization that assist the CVB with implementation of a Destination Marketing Plan and two economic significant of that assistance. Caribbean Tourism Organization (CTO) Tourist Enhancement Funds (TEF) Jamaica Hotel Tourist Associations (JHTA) United Nation World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) Jamaica Vacation (JAMVAC) The two economic significant that could asses in the implantation of the destination marketing plan is: the Tourist Enhancement Funds (TEF) and the United Nation World Tourism Organization (UNWTO). These two can help assist the CVB by helping save money or help financially. The Tourist Enhancement Funds (TEF) is a fund that is setup to advance the tourism project. They offer project tourism seminars, tourism training, etc. The TEF funds finance the programs. The TEF gets their money by charging all incoming visitors, ten dollars by air (plane) and two dollars by sea (cruise ship). This money is used to help develop man made attraction, enhance tourism experience, and eradicate poverty by employing citizens, both directly and indirectly. With the development of tourism project around the island of Jamaica, there will be a high influx and returning tourist to the island. The development and sustainability of man-made attraction will keep revenue and community standard of living stable. With the areas and attraction being properly kept, tourist will be more drawn to those areas. Therefore, the tourist will be enjoying themselves and scenery sites, learning about the people, the culture etc. Therefore, tourist will spread the experience they had in Jamaica, and this will create free advertising while more people become intrigue to visit the island. When tourists return home, they will share their experience with friends and family. This will make people wanting to visit the island. In addition this will create revenue for the government. The enhancement of tourism experience will help to promote sustainable development. Local communities must play a major role in defining, developing and managing the tourism experience so that they take ownership of the industry. The success of the industry depends on the visitors experience, so they much experience the best vacation they ever had. Planning should be bottom-up, not top down. With the citizens supporting tourism experience, the foreign currency will help boost the economy. Eradicating poverty is every countries main concern. Tourism is one of Jamaicas main source of income and the first choice of any Caribbean destination. Therefore, with the high influx of tourist to the island, either by air or sea, the tax associated with it can help to develop the infrastructure of the country, help in primary and secondary education, hospital equipment, research, security and so on. According to (McDonald, 2001) World Tourism Organization (WTO) is involved in the removal of barriers to tourism and the liberalization of trade in tourism services. WTO also contributes to improvement of tourism health and safety requirements and the development of measures to make tourism more accessible to the handicapped. Moreover, UNWTO setup regulations and advisory for CVB such as, the Jamaica Tourist Board. They go around different countries around the world to get information to assist countries in tourism development, tourism research and act as a lobby body/ power. The UNWTO get downers from various countries and companies around the world to fund the projects. Economically, the CVB would end up saving money to do research. In addition, the CVB ends up saving to do research because the UNWTO people/group end up doing the research for free. If the CVB did not have the UNWTO to lobby on their behave, it would cost them money to employee people/groups to travel around the world to gather information and create awareness about the Jamaican brand. Therefore, these create awareness to the world by offering free publicity. The UNWTO acts as a positive outcome due to the fact that the CVB did not have to do advertisement or any promotional activities. The UNWTO also find new and creative ways to find o ut new ways that Jamaica can be the premiere destination of the world by looking at how other top destination promote themselves. The economic assistance of the UNWTO allows for the removal of tourism barriers, and this helps with the free influx of tourism to the island. This in return allows more and more free flow of tourist to the destination. However, with this being done, the government will collect more and more revenue that will be used to develop the destination. Hence, with the attraction and security, tourists will be safer within the environment and the surrounding areas. With safety not an issue, the destination will have high return tourist rate to the island. With the great influx of tourists, room tax and departure taxes will be collected. In addition, with the tourism removal barriers, the economy will grow within the destination due to the fact that tourist can visit from around the world without wondering if they can visit the destination but knowing they can without having to have a visa. Conclusion Tourism is very essential for Jamaica because its the main economic contributor to the island. With new development and marketing style, using the AIDA principle (A- Awareness, I- Create an interest, D- A desire for your product and A- Action) with no dough, tourist will influx the island. When using a SWOT analysis (S- strength, W- weaknesses, O- opportunity and T- threat) it helps to look at all the things that could be a possible outcome, either negative or positive. Therefore, its important before venturing in a new business to do a SWOT analysis. A Tourism Marketing Plan is important, because it gives you a stand point. For example, where are you now? Where would you like to be? How do we get there? How do we make sure we get there? How do we know we got there? Hence, with this knowledge and questions applied based on the result you got, it will determine if the marketing plan process worked or not. For example, the; amount of visitors coming into the island, number of awareness in the market, increase in demand, amount of revenue being made, etc. Tourist Enhancement Funds (TEF) and the United Nation World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) are very helpful with the implementation of a Destination Marketing Plan. They both help the CVB by saving money and giving money to help develop and promote the Jamaican brand as a must see destination. With the implication of good tourism planning and development, tourism will be sustained within its destination for years to come. .